The Feminist Sentiment: A Text Mining Analysis of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie
Ann Marie Finley
October 08, 2020
- Introduction
- Reading in the Text
- Adjust Spacing
- Remove Dashes and Odd Character Strings
- Removing Digits and Annotations
- Removing Punctuation and Fixing Contractions
- Change to Lowercase
- Remove Stop Words
- Strip Whitespace
- Tokenizing and Unlisting the Data
- Where am I with this text?
- Sentiment Analysis
- Wordcloud
- Type Token Ratio
- Frequency Sorting
- Stemming and Lemmatization
- Lemma Wordcloud
- Lemma Type Token Ratio
- Lemma Frequency Sorting
- Next Steps
Introduction
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie is a Nigerian writer, feminist activist, and fashionista. Her work spans fiction, non-fiction, short stories, and novels. Ms. Adichie’s work primarily deals with race, gender, and society both in Nigeria and in the United States. Fun fact - she briefly studied at Drexel University right here in Philadelphia.
The selected text is a transcription of a lecture Ms. Adichie gave at TEDxEuston in December 2012. In 2014, Beyoncé Carter-Knowles famously adapted an excerpt from this speech into her song "***Flawless."
Left: Ms. Adichie in Paris. Right: Ms. Adichie in 2020, probably.
(Images from @chimamanda_adichie on Instagram).
Reading in the Text
fem <- readLines("feminists_adiche.txt") #Read in the plain text file
str(fem) #Examine structure of data## chr [1:202] "So I would like to start by telling you about one of my greatest friends,\xcaOkoloma Maduewesi.\xcaOkoloma lived on my street\x ...print(fem) #Inspect text file## [1] "So I would like to start by telling you about one of my greatest friends,\xcaOkoloma Maduewesi.\xcaOkoloma lived on my street\xcaand looked after me like a big brother.\xcaIf I liked a boy, I would ask Okoloma's opinion.\xcaOkoloma died in the notorious Sosoliso plane crash\xcain Nigeria in December of 2005.\xcaAlmost exactly seven years ago.\xcaOkoloma was a person I could argue with, laugh with and truly talk to.\xcaHe was also the first person to call me a feminist.\xca"
## [2] "00:39"
## [3] "I was about fourteen, we were at his house, arguing.\xcaBoth of us bristling with half bit knowledge\xcafrom books that we had read.\xcaI don't remember what this particular argument was about,\xcabut I remember that as I argued and argued,\xcaOkoloma looked at me and said, \"You know, you're a feminist.\"\xcaIt was not a compliment.\xca"
## [4] "00:58"
## [5] "(Laughter)\xca"
## [6] "01:00"
## [7] "I could tell from his tone,\xcathe same tone that you would use to say something like,\xca\"You're a supporter of terrorism.\"\xca"
## [8] "01:05"
## [9] "(Laughter)\xca"
## [10] "01:08"
## [11] "I did not know exactly what this word \"feminist\" meant,\xcaand I did not want Okoloma to know that I did not know.\xcaSo I brushed it aside, and I continued to argue.\xcaAnd the first thing I planned to do when I got home\xcawas to look up the word \"feminist\" in the dictionary.\xca"
## [12] "01:23"
## [13] "Now fast forward to some years later,\xcaI wrote a novel about a man who among other things beats his wife\xcaand whose story doesn't end very well.\xcaWhile I was promoting the novel in Nigeria,\xcaa journalist, a nice, well-meaning man,\xcatold me he wanted to advise me.\xcaAnd for the Nigerians here,\xcaI'm sure we're all familiar\xcawith how quick our people are to give unsolicited advice.\xcaHe told me that people were saying that my novel was feminist\xcaand his advice to me --\xcaand he was shaking his head sadly as he spoke --\xcawas that I should never call myself a feminist\xcabecause feminists are women who are unhappy\xcabecause they cannot find husbands.\xca"
## [14] "02:08"
## [15] "(Laughter)\xca"
## [16] "02:12"
## [17] "So I decided to call myself \"a happy feminist.\"\xcaThen an academic, a Nigerian woman told me\xcathat feminism was not our culture\xcaand that feminism wasn't African,\xcaand that I was calling myself a feminist\xcabecause I had been corrupted by \"Western books.\"\xcaWhich amused me,\xcabecause a lot of my early readings were decidedly unfeminist.\xcaI think I must have read every single Mills Boon romance published\xcabefore I was sixteen.\xcaAnd each time I tried to read those books\xcacalled \"the feminist classics,\"\xcaI'd get bored, and I really struggled to finish them.\xcaBut anyway, since feminism was un-African,\xcaI decided that I would now call myself \"a happy African feminist.\"\xcaAt some point I was a happy African feminist who does not hate men\xcaand who likes lip gloss\xcaand who wears high heels for herself but not for men.\xca"
## [18] "02:59"
## [19] "(Laughter)\xca"
## [20] "03:01"
## [21] "Of course a lot of this was tongue-in-cheek,\xcabut that word feminist is so heavy with baggage, negative baggage.\xcaYou hate men, you hate bras,\xcayou hate African culture, that sort of thing.\xca"
## [22] "03:13"
## [23] "Now here's a story from my childhood.\xcaWhen I was in primary school,\xcamy teacher said at the beginning of term that she would give the class a test\xcaand whoever got the highest score would be the class monitor.\xcaNow, class monitor was a big deal.\xcaIf you were a class monitor,\xcayou got to write down the names of noisemakers --\xca"
## [24] "03:32"
## [25] "(Laughter)\xca"
## [26] "03:34"
## [27] "which was having enough power of its own.\xcaBut my teacher would also give you a cane to hold in your hand\xcawhile you walk around and patrol the class for noisemakers.\xcaNow, of course you were not actually allowed to use the cane.\xcaBut it was an exciting prospect for the nine-year-old me.\xcaI very much wanted to be the class monitor.\xcaAnd I got the highest score on the test.\xcaThen, to my surprise, my teacher said that the monitor had to be a boy.\xcaShe had forgotten to make that clear earlier\xcabecause she assumed it was ... obvious.\xca"
## [28] "04:07"
## [29] "(Laughter)\xca"
## [30] "04:09"
## [31] "A boy had the second highest score on the test,\xcaand he would be monitor.\xcaNow, what was even more interesting about this\xcais that the boy was a sweet, gentle soul\xcawho had no interest in patrolling the class with the cane,\xcawhile I was full of ambition to do so.\xcaBut I was female and he was male,\xcaand so he became the class monitor.\xcaAnd I've never forgotten that incident.\xca"
## [32] "04:37"
## [33] "I often make the mistake of thinking\xcathat something that is obvious to me is just as obvious to everyone else.\xcaNow, take my dear friend Louis\xcafor example.\xcaLouis is a brilliant, progressive man,\xcaand we would have conversations and he would tell me,\xca\"I don't know what you mean by things being different or harder for women.\xcaMaybe in the past, but not now.\"\xcaAnd I didn't understand how Louis could not see what seems so self-evident.\xcaThen one evening, in Lagos, Louis and I went out with friends.\xcaAnd for people here who are not familiar with Lagos,\xcathere's that wonderful Lagos' fixture,\xcathe sprinkling of energetic men who hang around outside establishments\xcaand very dramatically \"help\" you park your car.\xcaI was impressed with the particular theatrics\xcaof the man who found us a parking spot that evening.\xcaAnd so as we were leaving, I decided to leave him a tip.\xcaI opened my bag,\xcaput my hand inside my bag,\xcabrought out my money that I had earned from doing my work,\xcaand I gave it to the man.\xcaAnd he, this man who was very grateful and very happy,\xcatook the money from me,\xcalooked across at Louis\xcaand said, \"Thank you, sir!\"\xca"
## [34] "05:48"
## [35] "(Laughter)\xca"
## [36] "05:54"
## [37] "Louis looked at me, surprised,\xcaand asked, \"Why is he thanking me? I didn't give him the money.\"\xcaThen I saw realization dawn on Louis' face.\xcaThe man believed that whatever money I had\xcahad ultimately come from Louis.\xcaBecause Louis is a man.\xca"
## [38] "06:16"
## [39] "Men and women are different.\xcaWe have different hormones, we have different sexual organs,\xcawe have different biological abilities.\xcaWomen can have babies, men can't.\xcaAt least not yet.\xca"
## [40] "06:27"
## [41] "(Laughter)\xca"
## [42] "06:28"
## [43] "Men have testosterone and are in general physically stronger than women.\xcaThere's slightly more women than men in the world,\xcaabout 52 percent of the world's population is female.\xcaBut most of the positions of power and prestige are occupied by men.\xcaThe late Kenyan Nobel Peace laureate,\xcaWangari Maathai,\xcaput it simply and well when she said:\xca\"The higher you go, the fewer women there are.\"\xcaIn the recent US elections we kept hearing of the Lilly Ledbetter law,\xcaand if we go beyond the nicely alliterative name of that law,\xcait was really about a man and a woman\xcadoing the same job, being equally qualified,\xcaand the man being paid more because he's a man.\xca"
## [44] "07:11"
## [45] "So in the literal way, men rule the world,\xcaand this made sense a thousand years ago\xcabecause human beings lived then in a world\xcain which physical strength was the most important attribute for survival.\xcaThe physically stronger person was more likely to lead,\xcaand men, in general, are physically stronger.\xcaOf course there are many exceptions.\xca"
## [46] "07:35"
## [47] "(Laughter)\xca"
## [48] "07:36"
## [49] "But today we live in a vastly different world.\xcaThe person more likely to lead is not the physically stronger person;\xcait is the more creative person, the more intelligent person,\xcathe more innovative person,\xcaand there are no hormones for those attributes.\xcaA man is as likely as a woman to be intelligent,\xcato be creative, to be innovative.\xcaWe have evolved;\xcabut it seems to me that our ideas of gender had not evolved.\xca"
## [50] "08:05"
## [51] "Some weeks ago, I walked into a lobby of one of the best Nigerian hotels.\xcaI thought about naming the hotel, but I thought I probably shouldn't.\xcaAnd a guard at the entrance stopped me and asked me annoying questions,\xcabecause their automatic assumption is\xcathat a Nigerian female walking into a hotel alone is a sex worker.\xcaAnd by the way,\xcawhy do these hotels focus on the ostensible supply\xcarather than the demand for sex workers?\xcaIn Lagos I cannot go alone into many \"reputable\" bars and clubs.\xcaThey just don't let you in if you're a woman alone,\xcayou have to be accompanied by a man.\xcaEach time I walk into a Nigerian restaurant with a man,\xcathe waiter greets the man and ignores me.\xcaThe waiters are products --\xca"
## [52] "08:51"
## [53] "(Laughter)\xca"
## [54] "08:52"
## [55] "At this some women felt like, \"Yes! I thought that!\"\xcaThe waiters are products of a society\xcathat has taught them that men are more important than women.\xcaAnd I know that waiters don't intend any harm.\xcaBut it's one thing to know intellectually and quite another to feel it emotionally.\xcaEach time they ignore me, I feel invisible.\xcaI feel upset.\xcaI want to tell them that I am just as human as the man,\xcathat I'm just as worthy of acknowledgment.\xcaThese are little things,\xcabut sometimes it's the little things that sting the most.\xca"
## [56] "09:24"
## [57] "And not long ago, I wrote an article\xcaabout what it means to be young and female in Lagos,\xcaand the printers told me,\xca\"It was so angry.\"\xcaOf course it was angry!\xca"
## [58] "09:35"
## [59] "(Laughter)\xca"
## [60] "09:40"
## [61] "I am angry.\xcaGender as it functions today is a grave injustice.\xcaWe should all be angry.\xcaAnger has a long history of bringing about positive change;\xcabut, in addition to being angry, I'm also hopeful.\xcaBecause I believe deeply in the ability of human beings\xcato make and remake themselves for the better.\xca"
## [62] "10:00"
## [63] "Gender matters everywhere in the world,\xcabut I want to focus on Nigeria\xcaand on Africa in general,\xcabecause it is where I know, and because it is where my heart is.\xcaAnd I would like today to ask\xcathat we begin to dream about and plan for a different world,\xcaa fairer world,\xcaa world of happier men and happier women who are truer to themselves.\xcaAnd this is how to start:\xcawe must raise our daughters differently.\xcaWe must also raise our sons differently.\xcaWe do a great disservice to boys on how we raise them;\xcawe stifle the humanity of boys.\xcaWe define masculinity in a very narrow way,\xcamasculinity becomes this hard, small cage\xcaand we put boys inside the cage.\xcaWe teach boys to be afraid of fear.\xcaWe teach boys to be afraid of weakness, of vulnerability.\xcaWe teach them to mask their true selves,\xcabecause they have to be, in Nigerian speak, \"hard man!\"\xcaIn secondary school, a boy and a girl, both of them teenagers,\xcaboth of them with the same amount of pocket money, would go out\xcaand then the boy would be expected always to pay,\xcato prove his masculinity.\xcaAnd yet we wonder why boys are more likely to steal money from their parents.\xca"
## [64] "11:20"
## [65] "What if both boys and girls were raised\xcanot to link masculinity with money?\xcaWhat if the attitude was not \"the boy has to pay\"\xcabut rather \"whoever has more should pay?\"\xcaNow, of course because of that historical advantage,\xcait is mostly men who will have more today,\xcabut if we start raising children differently,\xcathen in fifty years, in a hundred years,\xcaboys will no longer have the pressure of having to prove this masculinity.\xcaBut by far the worst thing we do to males,\xcaby making them feel that they have to be hard,\xcais that we leave them with very fragile egos.\xcaThe more \"hard man\" the man feels compelled to be,\xcathe weaker his ego is.\xcaAnd then we do a much greater disservice to girls\xcabecause we raise them to cater to the fragile egos of men.\xcaWe teach girls to shrink themselves, to make themselves smaller,\xcawe say to girls,\xca\"You can have ambition, but not too much.\"\xca"
## [66] "12:21"
## [67] "(Laughter)\xca"
## [68] "12:22"
## [69] "\"You should aim to be successful, but not too successful,\xcaotherwise you would threaten the man.\"\xcaIf you are the breadwinner in your relationship with a man,\xcayou have to pretend that you're not,\xcaespecially in public,\xcaotherwise you will emasculate him.\xca"
## [70] "12:38"
## [71] "But what if we question the premise itself?\xcaWhy should a woman's success be a threat to a man?\xcaWhat if we decide to simply dispose of that word,\xcaand I don't think there's an English word I dislike more than \"emasculation.\"\xcaA Nigerian acquaintance once asked me\xcaif I was worried that men would be intimidated by me.\xcaI was not worried at all.\xcaIn fact, it had not occurred to me to be worried\xcabecause a man who would be intimidated by me\xcais exactly the kind of man I would have no interest in.\xca"
## [72] "13:08"
## [73] "(Laughter)\xca"
## [74] "13:10"
## [75] "(Applause)\xca"
## [76] "13:17"
## [77] "But still I was really struck by this.\xcaBecause I'm female, I'm expected to aspire to marriage;\xcaI'm expected to make my life choices\xcaalways keeping in mind that marriage is the most important.\xcaA marriage can be a good thing;\xcait can be a source of joy and love and mutual support.\xcaBut why do we teach girls to aspire to marriage\xcaand we don't teach boys the same?\xca"
## [78] "13:44"
## [79] "I know a woman who decided to sell her house\xcabecause she didn't want to intimidate a man who might marry her.\xcaI know an unmarried woman in Nigeria who, when she goes to conferences,\xcawears a wedding ring\xcabecause according to her,\xcashe wants the other participants in the conference to \"give her respect.\"\xcaI know young women who are under so much pressure\xcafrom family, from friends, even from work to get married,\xcaand they're pushed to make terrible choices.\xcaA woman at a certain age who is unmarried,\xcaour society teaches her to see it as a deep, personal failure.\xcaAnd a man at a certain age who is unmarried,\xcawe just think he hasn't come around to making his pick.\xca"
## [80] "14:25"
## [81] "(Laughter)\xca"
## [82] "14:27"
## [83] "It's easy for us to say,\xca\"Oh, but women can just say no to all of this.\"\xcaBut the reality is more difficult and more complex.\xcaWe're all social beings.\xcaWe internalize ideas from our socialization.\xcaEven the language we use\xcain talking about marriage and relationships illustrates this.\xcaThe language of marriage is often the language of ownership\xcarather than the language of partnership.\xcaWe use the word \"respect\"\xcato mean something a woman shows a man\xcabut often not something a man shows a woman.\xca"
## [84] "14:59"
## [85] "Both men and women in Nigeria will say --\xcathis is an expression I'm very amused by --\xca\"I did it for peace in my marriage.\"\xcaNow, when men say it,\xcait is usually about something that they should not be doing anyway.\xca"
## [86] "15:12"
## [87] "(Laughter)\xca"
## [88] "15:14"
## [89] "Sometimes they say it to their friends,\xcait's something to say to their friends in a kind of fondly exasperated way,\xcayou know, something that ultimately proves how masculine they are,\xcahow needed, how loved.\xca\"Oh, my wife said I can't go to the club every night,\xcaso for peace in my marriage, I do it only on weekends.\"\xca"
## [90] "15:31"
## [91] "(Laughter)\xca"
## [92] "15:33"
## [93] "Now, when a woman says, \"I did it for peace in my marriage,\"\xcashe's usually talking about giving up a job,\xcaa dream,\xcaa career.\xcaWe teach females that in relationships,\xcacompromise is what women do.\xcaWe raise girls to see each other as competitors --\xcanot for jobs or for accomplishments, which I think can be a good thing,\xcabut for attention of men.\xcaWe teach girls that they cannot be sexual beings\xcain the way that boys are.\xcaIf we have sons, we don't mind knowing about our sons' girlfriends.\xcaBut our daughters' boyfriends? God forbid.\xca"
## [94] "16:10"
## [95] "(Laughter)\xca"
## [96] "16:11"
## [97] "But of course when the time is right,\xcawe expect those girls to bring back the perfect man to be their husbands.\xcaWe police girls, we praise girls for virginity,\xcabut we don't praise boys for virginity,\xcaand it's always made me wonder how exactly this is supposed to work out because ...\xca"
## [98] "16:27"
## [99] "(Laughter)\xca"
## [100] "16:29"
## [101] "(Applause)\xca"
## [102] "16:37"
## [103] "I mean, the loss of virginity is usually a process that involves ...\xca"
## [104] "16:42"
## [105] "Recently a young woman was gang raped in a university in Nigeria,\xcaI think some of us know about that.\xcaAnd the response of many young Nigerians, both male and female,\xcawas something along the lines of this:\xca\"Yes, rape is wrong.\xcaBut what is a girl doing in a room with four boys?\"\xcaNow, if we can forget the horrible inhumanity of that response,\xcathese Nigerians have been raised to think of women as inherently guilty,\xcaand they have been raised to expect so little of men\xcathat the idea of men as savage beings without any control\xcais somehow acceptable.\xcaWe teach girls shame.\xca\"Close your legs.\" \"Cover yourself.\"\xcaWe make them feel as though by being born female\xcathey're already guilty of something.\xcaAnd so, girls grow up to be women\xcawho cannot see they have desire.\xcaThey grow up to be women who silence themselves.\xcaThey grow up to be women who cannot say what they truly think,\xcaand they grow up --\xcaand this is the worst thing we did to girls --\xcathey grow up to be women who have turned pretense into an art form.\xca"
## [106] "17:49"
## [107] "(Applause)\xca"
## [108] "17:55"
## [109] "I know a woman who hates domestic work,\xcashe just hates it,\xcabut she pretends that she likes it,\xcabecause she's been taught that to be \"good wife material\"\xcashe has to be -- to use that Nigerian word --\xcavery \"homely.\"\xcaAnd then she got married,\xcaand after a while her husband's family began to complain that she had changed.\xca"
## [110] "18:18"
## [111] "(Laughter)\xca"
## [112] "18:19"
## [113] "Actually, she had not changed,\xcashe just got tired of pretending.\xca"
## [114] "18:24"
## [115] "The problem with gender,\xcais that it prescribes how we should be\xcarather than recognizing how we are.\xca"
## [116] "18:32"
## [117] "Now imagine how much happier we would be,\xcahow much freer to be our true individual selves,\xcaif we didn't have the weight of gender expectations.\xcaBoys and girls are undeniably different biologically,\xcabut socialization exaggerates the differences\xcaand then it becomes a self-fulfilling process.\xcaNow, take cooking for example.\xcaToday women in general are more likely to do the housework than men,\xcathe cooking and cleaning.\xcaBut why is that?\xcaIs it because women are born with a cooking gene?\xca"
## [118] "19:05"
## [119] "(Laughter)\xca"
## [120] "19:06"
## [121] "Or because over years they have been socialized to see cooking as their role?\xcaActually, I was going to say that maybe women are born with a cooking gene,\xcauntil I remember that the majority of the famous cooks in the world,\xcawhom we give the fancy title of \"chefs,\"\xcaare men.\xca"
## [122] "19:22"
## [123] "I used to look up to my grandmother\xcawho was a brilliant, brilliant woman,\xcaand wonder how she would have been\xcaif she had the same opportunities as men when she was growing up.\xca"
## [124] "19:32"
## [125] "Now today, there are many more opportunities for women\xcathan there were during my grandmother's time\xcabecause of changes in policy, changes in law,\xcaall of which are very important.\xcaBut what matters even more is our attitude, our mindset,\xcawhat we believe and what we value about gender.\xcaWhat if in raising children\xcawe focus on ability instead of gender?\xcaWhat if in raising children we focus on interest instead of gender?\xca"
## [126] "20:00"
## [127] "I know a family who have a son and a daughter,\xcaboth of whom are brilliant at school,\xcawho are wonderful, lovely children.\xcaWhen the boy is hungry, the parents say to the girl,\xca\"Go and cook Indomie noodles for your brother.\"\xca"
## [128] "20:11"
## [129] "(Laughter)\xca"
## [130] "20:12"
## [131] "Now, the daughter doesn't particularly like to cook Indomie noodles,\xcabut she's a girl, and so she has to.\xcaNow, what if the parents,\xcafrom the beginning,\xcataught both the boy and the girl to cook Indomie?\xcaCooking, by the way, is a very useful skill for boys to have.\xcaI've never thought it made sense to leave such a crucial thing,\xcathe ability to nourish oneself --\xca"
## [132] "20:37"
## [133] "(Laughter)\xca"
## [134] "20:38"
## [135] "in the hands of others.\xca"
## [136] "20:40"
## [137] "(Applause)\xca"
## [138] "20:45"
## [139] "I know a woman who has the same degree and the same job as her husband.\xcaWhen they get back from work, she does most of the housework,\xcawhich I think is true for many marriages.\xcaBut what struck me about them\xcawas that whenever her husband changed the baby's diaper,\xcashe said \"thank you\" to him.\xcaNow, what if she saw this as perfectly normal and natural\xcathat he should, in fact, care for his child?\xca"
## [140] "21:10"
## [141] "(Laughter)\xca"
## [142] "21:13"
## [143] "I'm trying to unlearn many of the lessons of gender\xcathat I internalized when I was growing up.\xcaBut I sometimes still feel very vulnerable in the face of gender expectations.\xcaThe first time I taught a writing class in graduate school,\xcaI was worried.\xcaI wasn't worried about the material I would teach\xcabecause I was well-prepared,\xcaand I was going to teach what I enjoy teaching.\xcaInstead, I was worried about what to wear.\xcaI wanted to be taken seriously.\xcaI knew that because I was female\xcaI will automatically have to prove my worth.\xcaAnd I was worried that if I looked too feminine,\xcaI would not be taken seriously.\xcaI really wanted to wear my shiny lip gloss and my girly skirt,\xcabut I decided not to.\xcaInstead, I wore a very serious,\xcavery manly and very ugly suit.\xca"
## [144] "22:02"
## [145] "(Laughter)\xca"
## [146] "22:03"
## [147] "Because the sad truth is that when it comes to appearance\xcawe start off with men as the standard, as the norm.\xcaIf a man is getting ready for a business meeting,\xcahe doesn't worry about looking too masculine\xcaand therefore not being taken for granted.\xcaIf a woman has to get ready for business meeting,\xcashe has to worry about looking too feminine\xcaand what it says and whether or not she will be taken seriously.\xca"
## [148] "22:27"
## [149] "I wish I had not worn that ugly suit that day.\xcaI've actually banished it from my closet, by the way.\xcaHad I then the confidence that I have now to be myself,\xcamy students would have benefited even more from my teaching,\xcabecause I would have been more comfortable\xcaand more fully and more truly myself.\xcaI have chosen to no longer be apologetic for my femaleness\xcaand for my femininity.\xca"
## [150] "22:53"
## [151] "(Applause)\xca"
## [152] "22:59"
## [153] "And I want to be respected in all of my femaleness\xcabecause I deserve to be.\xcaGender is not an easy conversation to have.\xcaFor both men and women,\xcato bring up gender is sometimes to encounter almost immediate resistance.\xcaI can imagine some people here are actually thinking,\xca\"Women too do sef.\"\xcaSome of the men here might be thinking,\xca\"OK, all of this is interesting,\xcabut I don't think like that.\"\xcaAnd that is part of the problem.\xca"
## [154] "23:29"
## [155] "That many men do not actively think about gender\xcaor notice gender\xcais part of the problem of gender.\xcaThat many men, say, like my friend Louis,\xcathat everything is fine now.\xcaAnd that many men do nothing to change it.\xcaIf you are a man and you walk into a restaurant with a woman\xcaand the waiter greets only you,\xcadoes it occur to you to ask the waiter,\xca\"Why haven't you greeted her?\"\xcaBecause gender can be --\xca"
## [156] "23:58"
## [157] "(Laughter)\xca"
## [158] "24:08"
## [159] "Actually, we may repose part of a longer version of this talk.\xcaSo, because gender can be a very uncomfortable conversation to have,\xcathere are very easy ways to close it, to close the conversation.\xcaSo some people will bring up evolutionary biology and apes,\xcahow, you know, female apes bow down to male apes\xcaand that sort of thing.\xcaBut the point is we're not apes.\xca"
## [160] "24:31"
## [161] "(Laughter)\xca"
## [162] "24:32"
## [163] "(Applause)\xca"
## [164] "24:37"
## [165] "Apes also live on trees and have earthworms for breakfast,\xcaand we don't.\xcaSome people will say, \"Well, poor men also have a hard time.\"\xcaAnd this is true.\xcaBut that is not what this --\xca"
## [166] "24:52"
## [167] "(Laughter)\xca"
## [168] "24:53"
## [169] "But this is not what this conversation is about.\xcaGender and class are different forms of oppression.\xcaI actually learned quite a bit about systems of oppression\xcaand how they can be blind to one another\xcaby talking to black men.\xca"
## [170] "25:10"
## [171] "I was once talking to a black man about gender\xcaand he said to me,\xca\"Why do you have to say 'my experience as a woman'?\xcaWhy can't it be\xca'your experience as a human being'?\"\xcaNow, this was the same man\xcawho would often talk about his experience as a black man.\xca"
## [172] "25:30"
## [173] "Gender matters.\xcaMen and women experience the world differently.\xcaGender colors the way we experience the world.\xcaBut we can change that.\xca"
## [174] "25:40"
## [175] "Some people will say,\xca\"Oh, but women have the real power,\xcabottom power.\"\xcaAnd for non-Nigerians, bottom power is an expression\xcawhich I suppose means something like a woman\xcawho uses her sexuality to get favors from men.\xcaBut bottom power is not power at all.\xcaBottom power means that a woman\xcasimply has a good root to tap into, from time to time --\xcasomebody else's power.\xcaAnd then, of course, we have to wonder\xcawhat happens when that somebody else is in a bad mood,\xcaor sick\xcaor impotent.\xca"
## [176] "26:15"
## [177] "(Laughter)\xca"
## [178] "26:19"
## [179] "Some people will say that a woman being subordinate to a man is our culture.\xcaBut culture is constantly changing.\xcaI have beautiful twin nieces who are fifteen and live in Lagos.\xcaIf they had been born a hundred years ago\xcathey would have been taken away and killed.\xcaBecause it was our culture, it was our culture to kill twins.\xca"
## [180] "26:42"
## [181] "So what is the point of culture?\xcaI mean there's the decorative,\xcathe dancing ...\xcabut also, culture really is about preservation and continuity of a people.\xcaIn my family,\xcaI am the child who is most interested in the story of who we are,\xcain our traditions,\xcain the knowledge about ancestral lands.\xcaMy brothers are not as interested as I am.\xcaBut I cannot participate,\xcaI cannot go to umunna meetings,\xcaI cannot have a say.\xcaBecause I'm female.\xcaCulture does not make people,\xcapeople make culture.\xcaSo if it is in fact true --\xca"
## [182] "27:18"
## [183] "(Applause)\xca"
## [184] "27:21"
## [185] "So if it is in fact true\xcathat the full humanity of women is not our culture,\xcathen we must make it our culture.\xca"
## [186] "27:29"
## [187] "I think very often of my dear friend, Okoloma Maduewesi.\xcaMay he and all the others who passed away in that Sosoliso crash\xcacontinue to rest in peace.\xcaHe will always be remembered by those of us who loved him.\xcaAnd he was right that day many years ago when he called me a feminist.\xca"
## [188] "27:50"
## [189] "I am a feminist.\xcaAnd when I looked up the word in the dictionary that day,\xcathis is what it said:\xca\"Feminist: a person who believes in the social, political\xcaand economic equality of the sexes.\"\xcaMy great grandmother, from the stories I've heard,\xcawas a feminist.\xcaShe ran away from the house of the man she did not want to marry\xcaand ended up marrying the man of her choice.\xcaShe refused, she protested, she spoke up\xcawhenever she felt she was being deprived of access, of land, that sort of thing.\xca"
## [190] "28:22"
## [191] "My great grandmother did not know that word \"feminist,\"\xcabut it doesn't mean that she wasn't one.\xcaMore of us should reclaim that word.\xcaMy own definition of feminist is:\xca\"A feminist is a man or a woman\xcawho says --\xca"
## [192] "28:40"
## [193] "(Laughter)\xca"
## [194] "28:44"
## [195] "(Applause)\xca"
## [196] "28:50"
## [197] "A feminist is a man or a woman who says,\xca\"Yes, there's a problem with gender as it is today,\xcaand we must fix it.\xcaWe must do better.\"\xcaThe best feminist I know\xcais my brother Kene.\xcaHe's also a kind, good-looking, lovely man,\xcaand he's very masculine.\xca"
## [198] "29:12"
## [199] "Thank you.\xca"
## [200] "29:14"
## [201] "(Applause)\xca"
## [202] ""There is a lot to clean here:
1. Crazy spacing
2. Strip intra-word dashes
3. Strip odd character strings
4. Strip annotations and digits
5. Remove punctuation 6. Fix contractions
7. Case
8. Stop Words
Adjust Spacing
There is a lot of wild stuff happening with spacing. It looks like the text file read into 202 separate rows instead of reading in as a single-row character vector. Perhaps this is related to the odd character string “/xca” discussed below. I wasn’t able to find it online so we shall simply press on. The following command collapses the character vector into a single row with each word separated by a single space.
fem <- paste(readLines("feminists_adiche.txt"), collapse = " ") #Reformat by concatenating all words into a single row separated by a space. Think of this as gluing the data into one row.
str(fem) #Examine structure of data## chr "So I would like to start by telling you about one of my greatest friends,\xcaOkoloma Maduewesi.\xcaOkoloma lived on my street\xlength(fem) #Double check the number of rows## [1] 1print(fem) #Spacing has been fixed## [1] "So I would like to start by telling you about one of my greatest friends,\xcaOkoloma Maduewesi.\xcaOkoloma lived on my street\xcaand looked after me like a big brother.\xcaIf I liked a boy, I would ask Okoloma's opinion.\xcaOkoloma died in the notorious Sosoliso plane crash\xcain Nigeria in December of 2005.\xcaAlmost exactly seven years ago.\xcaOkoloma was a person I could argue with, laugh with and truly talk to.\xcaHe was also the first person to call me a feminist.\xca 00:39 I was about fourteen, we were at his house, arguing.\xcaBoth of us bristling with half bit knowledge\xcafrom books that we had read.\xcaI don't remember what this particular argument was about,\xcabut I remember that as I argued and argued,\xcaOkoloma looked at me and said, \"You know, you're a feminist.\"\xcaIt was not a compliment.\xca 00:58 (Laughter)\xca 01:00 I could tell from his tone,\xcathe same tone that you would use to say something like,\xca\"You're a supporter of terrorism.\"\xca 01:05 (Laughter)\xca 01:08 I did not know exactly what this word \"feminist\" meant,\xcaand I did not want Okoloma to know that I did not know.\xcaSo I brushed it aside, and I continued to argue.\xcaAnd the first thing I planned to do when I got home\xcawas to look up the word \"feminist\" in the dictionary.\xca 01:23 Now fast forward to some years later,\xcaI wrote a novel about a man who among other things beats his wife\xcaand whose story doesn't end very well.\xcaWhile I was promoting the novel in Nigeria,\xcaa journalist, a nice, well-meaning man,\xcatold me he wanted to advise me.\xcaAnd for the Nigerians here,\xcaI'm sure we're all familiar\xcawith how quick our people are to give unsolicited advice.\xcaHe told me that people were saying that my novel was feminist\xcaand his advice to me --\xcaand he was shaking his head sadly as he spoke --\xcawas that I should never call myself a feminist\xcabecause feminists are women who are unhappy\xcabecause they cannot find husbands.\xca 02:08 (Laughter)\xca 02:12 So I decided to call myself \"a happy feminist.\"\xcaThen an academic, a Nigerian woman told me\xcathat feminism was not our culture\xcaand that feminism wasn't African,\xcaand that I was calling myself a feminist\xcabecause I had been corrupted by \"Western books.\"\xcaWhich amused me,\xcabecause a lot of my early readings were decidedly unfeminist.\xcaI think I must have read every single Mills Boon romance published\xcabefore I was sixteen.\xcaAnd each time I tried to read those books\xcacalled \"the feminist classics,\"\xcaI'd get bored, and I really struggled to finish them.\xcaBut anyway, since feminism was un-African,\xcaI decided that I would now call myself \"a happy African feminist.\"\xcaAt some point I was a happy African feminist who does not hate men\xcaand who likes lip gloss\xcaand who wears high heels for herself but not for men.\xca 02:59 (Laughter)\xca 03:01 Of course a lot of this was tongue-in-cheek,\xcabut that word feminist is so heavy with baggage, negative baggage.\xcaYou hate men, you hate bras,\xcayou hate African culture, that sort of thing.\xca 03:13 Now here's a story from my childhood.\xcaWhen I was in primary school,\xcamy teacher said at the beginning of term that she would give the class a test\xcaand whoever got the highest score would be the class monitor.\xcaNow, class monitor was a big deal.\xcaIf you were a class monitor,\xcayou got to write down the names of noisemakers --\xca 03:32 (Laughter)\xca 03:34 which was having enough power of its own.\xcaBut my teacher would also give you a cane to hold in your hand\xcawhile you walk around and patrol the class for noisemakers.\xcaNow, of course you were not actually allowed to use the cane.\xcaBut it was an exciting prospect for the nine-year-old me.\xcaI very much wanted to be the class monitor.\xcaAnd I got the highest score on the test.\xcaThen, to my surprise, my teacher said that the monitor had to be a boy.\xcaShe had forgotten to make that clear earlier\xcabecause she assumed it was ... obvious.\xca 04:07 (Laughter)\xca 04:09 A boy had the second highest score on the test,\xcaand he would be monitor.\xcaNow, what was even more interesting about this\xcais that the boy was a sweet, gentle soul\xcawho had no interest in patrolling the class with the cane,\xcawhile I was full of ambition to do so.\xcaBut I was female and he was male,\xcaand so he became the class monitor.\xcaAnd I've never forgotten that incident.\xca 04:37 I often make the mistake of thinking\xcathat something that is obvious to me is just as obvious to everyone else.\xcaNow, take my dear friend Louis\xcafor example.\xcaLouis is a brilliant, progressive man,\xcaand we would have conversations and he would tell me,\xca\"I don't know what you mean by things being different or harder for women.\xcaMaybe in the past, but not now.\"\xcaAnd I didn't understand how Louis could not see what seems so self-evident.\xcaThen one evening, in Lagos, Louis and I went out with friends.\xcaAnd for people here who are not familiar with Lagos,\xcathere's that wonderful Lagos' fixture,\xcathe sprinkling of energetic men who hang around outside establishments\xcaand very dramatically \"help\" you park your car.\xcaI was impressed with the particular theatrics\xcaof the man who found us a parking spot that evening.\xcaAnd so as we were leaving, I decided to leave him a tip.\xcaI opened my bag,\xcaput my hand inside my bag,\xcabrought out my money that I had earned from doing my work,\xcaand I gave it to the man.\xcaAnd he, this man who was very grateful and very happy,\xcatook the money from me,\xcalooked across at Louis\xcaand said, \"Thank you, sir!\"\xca 05:48 (Laughter)\xca 05:54 Louis looked at me, surprised,\xcaand asked, \"Why is he thanking me? I didn't give him the money.\"\xcaThen I saw realization dawn on Louis' face.\xcaThe man believed that whatever money I had\xcahad ultimately come from Louis.\xcaBecause Louis is a man.\xca 06:16 Men and women are different.\xcaWe have different hormones, we have different sexual organs,\xcawe have different biological abilities.\xcaWomen can have babies, men can't.\xcaAt least not yet.\xca 06:27 (Laughter)\xca 06:28 Men have testosterone and are in general physically stronger than women.\xcaThere's slightly more women than men in the world,\xcaabout 52 percent of the world's population is female.\xcaBut most of the positions of power and prestige are occupied by men.\xcaThe late Kenyan Nobel Peace laureate,\xcaWangari Maathai,\xcaput it simply and well when she said:\xca\"The higher you go, the fewer women there are.\"\xcaIn the recent US elections we kept hearing of the Lilly Ledbetter law,\xcaand if we go beyond the nicely alliterative name of that law,\xcait was really about a man and a woman\xcadoing the same job, being equally qualified,\xcaand the man being paid more because he's a man.\xca 07:11 So in the literal way, men rule the world,\xcaand this made sense a thousand years ago\xcabecause human beings lived then in a world\xcain which physical strength was the most important attribute for survival.\xcaThe physically stronger person was more likely to lead,\xcaand men, in general, are physically stronger.\xcaOf course there are many exceptions.\xca 07:35 (Laughter)\xca 07:36 But today we live in a vastly different world.\xcaThe person more likely to lead is not the physically stronger person;\xcait is the more creative person, the more intelligent person,\xcathe more innovative person,\xcaand there are no hormones for those attributes.\xcaA man is as likely as a woman to be intelligent,\xcato be creative, to be innovative.\xcaWe have evolved;\xcabut it seems to me that our ideas of gender had not evolved.\xca 08:05 Some weeks ago, I walked into a lobby of one of the best Nigerian hotels.\xcaI thought about naming the hotel, but I thought I probably shouldn't.\xcaAnd a guard at the entrance stopped me and asked me annoying questions,\xcabecause their automatic assumption is\xcathat a Nigerian female walking into a hotel alone is a sex worker.\xcaAnd by the way,\xcawhy do these hotels focus on the ostensible supply\xcarather than the demand for sex workers?\xcaIn Lagos I cannot go alone into many \"reputable\" bars and clubs.\xcaThey just don't let you in if you're a woman alone,\xcayou have to be accompanied by a man.\xcaEach time I walk into a Nigerian restaurant with a man,\xcathe waiter greets the man and ignores me.\xcaThe waiters are products --\xca 08:51 (Laughter)\xca 08:52 At this some women felt like, \"Yes! I thought that!\"\xcaThe waiters are products of a society\xcathat has taught them that men are more important than women.\xcaAnd I know that waiters don't intend any harm.\xcaBut it's one thing to know intellectually and quite another to feel it emotionally.\xcaEach time they ignore me, I feel invisible.\xcaI feel upset.\xcaI want to tell them that I am just as human as the man,\xcathat I'm just as worthy of acknowledgment.\xcaThese are little things,\xcabut sometimes it's the little things that sting the most.\xca 09:24 And not long ago, I wrote an article\xcaabout what it means to be young and female in Lagos,\xcaand the printers told me,\xca\"It was so angry.\"\xcaOf course it was angry!\xca 09:35 (Laughter)\xca 09:40 I am angry.\xcaGender as it functions today is a grave injustice.\xcaWe should all be angry.\xcaAnger has a long history of bringing about positive change;\xcabut, in addition to being angry, I'm also hopeful.\xcaBecause I believe deeply in the ability of human beings\xcato make and remake themselves for the better.\xca 10:00 Gender matters everywhere in the world,\xcabut I want to focus on Nigeria\xcaand on Africa in general,\xcabecause it is where I know, and because it is where my heart is.\xcaAnd I would like today to ask\xcathat we begin to dream about and plan for a different world,\xcaa fairer world,\xcaa world of happier men and happier women who are truer to themselves.\xcaAnd this is how to start:\xcawe must raise our daughters differently.\xcaWe must also raise our sons differently.\xcaWe do a great disservice to boys on how we raise them;\xcawe stifle the humanity of boys.\xcaWe define masculinity in a very narrow way,\xcamasculinity becomes this hard, small cage\xcaand we put boys inside the cage.\xcaWe teach boys to be afraid of fear.\xcaWe teach boys to be afraid of weakness, of vulnerability.\xcaWe teach them to mask their true selves,\xcabecause they have to be, in Nigerian speak, \"hard man!\"\xcaIn secondary school, a boy and a girl, both of them teenagers,\xcaboth of them with the same amount of pocket money, would go out\xcaand then the boy would be expected always to pay,\xcato prove his masculinity.\xcaAnd yet we wonder why boys are more likely to steal money from their parents.\xca 11:20 What if both boys and girls were raised\xcanot to link masculinity with money?\xcaWhat if the attitude was not \"the boy has to pay\"\xcabut rather \"whoever has more should pay?\"\xcaNow, of course because of that historical advantage,\xcait is mostly men who will have more today,\xcabut if we start raising children differently,\xcathen in fifty years, in a hundred years,\xcaboys will no longer have the pressure of having to prove this masculinity.\xcaBut by far the worst thing we do to males,\xcaby making them feel that they have to be hard,\xcais that we leave them with very fragile egos.\xcaThe more \"hard man\" the man feels compelled to be,\xcathe weaker his ego is.\xcaAnd then we do a much greater disservice to girls\xcabecause we raise them to cater to the fragile egos of men.\xcaWe teach girls to shrink themselves, to make themselves smaller,\xcawe say to girls,\xca\"You can have ambition, but not too much.\"\xca 12:21 (Laughter)\xca 12:22 \"You should aim to be successful, but not too successful,\xcaotherwise you would threaten the man.\"\xcaIf you are the breadwinner in your relationship with a man,\xcayou have to pretend that you're not,\xcaespecially in public,\xcaotherwise you will emasculate him.\xca 12:38 But what if we question the premise itself?\xcaWhy should a woman's success be a threat to a man?\xcaWhat if we decide to simply dispose of that word,\xcaand I don't think there's an English word I dislike more than \"emasculation.\"\xcaA Nigerian acquaintance once asked me\xcaif I was worried that men would be intimidated by me.\xcaI was not worried at all.\xcaIn fact, it had not occurred to me to be worried\xcabecause a man who would be intimidated by me\xcais exactly the kind of man I would have no interest in.\xca 13:08 (Laughter)\xca 13:10 (Applause)\xca 13:17 But still I was really struck by this.\xcaBecause I'm female, I'm expected to aspire to marriage;\xcaI'm expected to make my life choices\xcaalways keeping in mind that marriage is the most important.\xcaA marriage can be a good thing;\xcait can be a source of joy and love and mutual support.\xcaBut why do we teach girls to aspire to marriage\xcaand we don't teach boys the same?\xca 13:44 I know a woman who decided to sell her house\xcabecause she didn't want to intimidate a man who might marry her.\xcaI know an unmarried woman in Nigeria who, when she goes to conferences,\xcawears a wedding ring\xcabecause according to her,\xcashe wants the other participants in the conference to \"give her respect.\"\xcaI know young women who are under so much pressure\xcafrom family, from friends, even from work to get married,\xcaand they're pushed to make terrible choices.\xcaA woman at a certain age who is unmarried,\xcaour society teaches her to see it as a deep, personal failure.\xcaAnd a man at a certain age who is unmarried,\xcawe just think he hasn't come around to making his pick.\xca 14:25 (Laughter)\xca 14:27 It's easy for us to say,\xca\"Oh, but women can just say no to all of this.\"\xcaBut the reality is more difficult and more complex.\xcaWe're all social beings.\xcaWe internalize ideas from our socialization.\xcaEven the language we use\xcain talking about marriage and relationships illustrates this.\xcaThe language of marriage is often the language of ownership\xcarather than the language of partnership.\xcaWe use the word \"respect\"\xcato mean something a woman shows a man\xcabut often not something a man shows a woman.\xca 14:59 Both men and women in Nigeria will say --\xcathis is an expression I'm very amused by --\xca\"I did it for peace in my marriage.\"\xcaNow, when men say it,\xcait is usually about something that they should not be doing anyway.\xca 15:12 (Laughter)\xca 15:14 Sometimes they say it to their friends,\xcait's something to say to their friends in a kind of fondly exasperated way,\xcayou know, something that ultimately proves how masculine they are,\xcahow needed, how loved.\xca\"Oh, my wife said I can't go to the club every night,\xcaso for peace in my marriage, I do it only on weekends.\"\xca 15:31 (Laughter)\xca 15:33 Now, when a woman says, \"I did it for peace in my marriage,\"\xcashe's usually talking about giving up a job,\xcaa dream,\xcaa career.\xcaWe teach females that in relationships,\xcacompromise is what women do.\xcaWe raise girls to see each other as competitors --\xcanot for jobs or for accomplishments, which I think can be a good thing,\xcabut for attention of men.\xcaWe teach girls that they cannot be sexual beings\xcain the way that boys are.\xcaIf we have sons, we don't mind knowing about our sons' girlfriends.\xcaBut our daughters' boyfriends? God forbid.\xca 16:10 (Laughter)\xca 16:11 But of course when the time is right,\xcawe expect those girls to bring back the perfect man to be their husbands.\xcaWe police girls, we praise girls for virginity,\xcabut we don't praise boys for virginity,\xcaand it's always made me wonder how exactly this is supposed to work out because ...\xca 16:27 (Laughter)\xca 16:29 (Applause)\xca 16:37 I mean, the loss of virginity is usually a process that involves ...\xca 16:42 Recently a young woman was gang raped in a university in Nigeria,\xcaI think some of us know about that.\xcaAnd the response of many young Nigerians, both male and female,\xcawas something along the lines of this:\xca\"Yes, rape is wrong.\xcaBut what is a girl doing in a room with four boys?\"\xcaNow, if we can forget the horrible inhumanity of that response,\xcathese Nigerians have been raised to think of women as inherently guilty,\xcaand they have been raised to expect so little of men\xcathat the idea of men as savage beings without any control\xcais somehow acceptable.\xcaWe teach girls shame.\xca\"Close your legs.\" \"Cover yourself.\"\xcaWe make them feel as though by being born female\xcathey're already guilty of something.\xcaAnd so, girls grow up to be women\xcawho cannot see they have desire.\xcaThey grow up to be women who silence themselves.\xcaThey grow up to be women who cannot say what they truly think,\xcaand they grow up --\xcaand this is the worst thing we did to girls --\xcathey grow up to be women who have turned pretense into an art form.\xca 17:49 (Applause)\xca 17:55 I know a woman who hates domestic work,\xcashe just hates it,\xcabut she pretends that she likes it,\xcabecause she's been taught that to be \"good wife material\"\xcashe has to be -- to use that Nigerian word --\xcavery \"homely.\"\xcaAnd then she got married,\xcaand after a while her husband's family began to complain that she had changed.\xca 18:18 (Laughter)\xca 18:19 Actually, she had not changed,\xcashe just got tired of pretending.\xca 18:24 The problem with gender,\xcais that it prescribes how we should be\xcarather than recognizing how we are.\xca 18:32 Now imagine how much happier we would be,\xcahow much freer to be our true individual selves,\xcaif we didn't have the weight of gender expectations.\xcaBoys and girls are undeniably different biologically,\xcabut socialization exaggerates the differences\xcaand then it becomes a self-fulfilling process.\xcaNow, take cooking for example.\xcaToday women in general are more likely to do the housework than men,\xcathe cooking and cleaning.\xcaBut why is that?\xcaIs it because women are born with a cooking gene?\xca 19:05 (Laughter)\xca 19:06 Or because over years they have been socialized to see cooking as their role?\xcaActually, I was going to say that maybe women are born with a cooking gene,\xcauntil I remember that the majority of the famous cooks in the world,\xcawhom we give the fancy title of \"chefs,\"\xcaare men.\xca 19:22 I used to look up to my grandmother\xcawho was a brilliant, brilliant woman,\xcaand wonder how she would have been\xcaif she had the same opportunities as men when she was growing up.\xca 19:32 Now today, there are many more opportunities for women\xcathan there were during my grandmother's time\xcabecause of changes in policy, changes in law,\xcaall of which are very important.\xcaBut what matters even more is our attitude, our mindset,\xcawhat we believe and what we value about gender.\xcaWhat if in raising children\xcawe focus on ability instead of gender?\xcaWhat if in raising children we focus on interest instead of gender?\xca 20:00 I know a family who have a son and a daughter,\xcaboth of whom are brilliant at school,\xcawho are wonderful, lovely children.\xcaWhen the boy is hungry, the parents say to the girl,\xca\"Go and cook Indomie noodles for your brother.\"\xca 20:11 (Laughter)\xca 20:12 Now, the daughter doesn't particularly like to cook Indomie noodles,\xcabut she's a girl, and so she has to.\xcaNow, what if the parents,\xcafrom the beginning,\xcataught both the boy and the girl to cook Indomie?\xcaCooking, by the way, is a very useful skill for boys to have.\xcaI've never thought it made sense to leave such a crucial thing,\xcathe ability to nourish oneself --\xca 20:37 (Laughter)\xca 20:38 in the hands of others.\xca 20:40 (Applause)\xca 20:45 I know a woman who has the same degree and the same job as her husband.\xcaWhen they get back from work, she does most of the housework,\xcawhich I think is true for many marriages.\xcaBut what struck me about them\xcawas that whenever her husband changed the baby's diaper,\xcashe said \"thank you\" to him.\xcaNow, what if she saw this as perfectly normal and natural\xcathat he should, in fact, care for his child?\xca 21:10 (Laughter)\xca 21:13 I'm trying to unlearn many of the lessons of gender\xcathat I internalized when I was growing up.\xcaBut I sometimes still feel very vulnerable in the face of gender expectations.\xcaThe first time I taught a writing class in graduate school,\xcaI was worried.\xcaI wasn't worried about the material I would teach\xcabecause I was well-prepared,\xcaand I was going to teach what I enjoy teaching.\xcaInstead, I was worried about what to wear.\xcaI wanted to be taken seriously.\xcaI knew that because I was female\xcaI will automatically have to prove my worth.\xcaAnd I was worried that if I looked too feminine,\xcaI would not be taken seriously.\xcaI really wanted to wear my shiny lip gloss and my girly skirt,\xcabut I decided not to.\xcaInstead, I wore a very serious,\xcavery manly and very ugly suit.\xca 22:02 (Laughter)\xca 22:03 Because the sad truth is that when it comes to appearance\xcawe start off with men as the standard, as the norm.\xcaIf a man is getting ready for a business meeting,\xcahe doesn't worry about looking too masculine\xcaand therefore not being taken for granted.\xcaIf a woman has to get ready for business meeting,\xcashe has to worry about looking too feminine\xcaand what it says and whether or not she will be taken seriously.\xca 22:27 I wish I had not worn that ugly suit that day.\xcaI've actually banished it from my closet, by the way.\xcaHad I then the confidence that I have now to be myself,\xcamy students would have benefited even more from my teaching,\xcabecause I would have been more comfortable\xcaand more fully and more truly myself.\xcaI have chosen to no longer be apologetic for my femaleness\xcaand for my femininity.\xca 22:53 (Applause)\xca 22:59 And I want to be respected in all of my femaleness\xcabecause I deserve to be.\xcaGender is not an easy conversation to have.\xcaFor both men and women,\xcato bring up gender is sometimes to encounter almost immediate resistance.\xcaI can imagine some people here are actually thinking,\xca\"Women too do sef.\"\xcaSome of the men here might be thinking,\xca\"OK, all of this is interesting,\xcabut I don't think like that.\"\xcaAnd that is part of the problem.\xca 23:29 That many men do not actively think about gender\xcaor notice gender\xcais part of the problem of gender.\xcaThat many men, say, like my friend Louis,\xcathat everything is fine now.\xcaAnd that many men do nothing to change it.\xcaIf you are a man and you walk into a restaurant with a woman\xcaand the waiter greets only you,\xcadoes it occur to you to ask the waiter,\xca\"Why haven't you greeted her?\"\xcaBecause gender can be --\xca 23:58 (Laughter)\xca 24:08 Actually, we may repose part of a longer version of this talk.\xcaSo, because gender can be a very uncomfortable conversation to have,\xcathere are very easy ways to close it, to close the conversation.\xcaSo some people will bring up evolutionary biology and apes,\xcahow, you know, female apes bow down to male apes\xcaand that sort of thing.\xcaBut the point is we're not apes.\xca 24:31 (Laughter)\xca 24:32 (Applause)\xca 24:37 Apes also live on trees and have earthworms for breakfast,\xcaand we don't.\xcaSome people will say, \"Well, poor men also have a hard time.\"\xcaAnd this is true.\xcaBut that is not what this --\xca 24:52 (Laughter)\xca 24:53 But this is not what this conversation is about.\xcaGender and class are different forms of oppression.\xcaI actually learned quite a bit about systems of oppression\xcaand how they can be blind to one another\xcaby talking to black men.\xca 25:10 I was once talking to a black man about gender\xcaand he said to me,\xca\"Why do you have to say 'my experience as a woman'?\xcaWhy can't it be\xca'your experience as a human being'?\"\xcaNow, this was the same man\xcawho would often talk about his experience as a black man.\xca 25:30 Gender matters.\xcaMen and women experience the world differently.\xcaGender colors the way we experience the world.\xcaBut we can change that.\xca 25:40 Some people will say,\xca\"Oh, but women have the real power,\xcabottom power.\"\xcaAnd for non-Nigerians, bottom power is an expression\xcawhich I suppose means something like a woman\xcawho uses her sexuality to get favors from men.\xcaBut bottom power is not power at all.\xcaBottom power means that a woman\xcasimply has a good root to tap into, from time to time --\xcasomebody else's power.\xcaAnd then, of course, we have to wonder\xcawhat happens when that somebody else is in a bad mood,\xcaor sick\xcaor impotent.\xca 26:15 (Laughter)\xca 26:19 Some people will say that a woman being subordinate to a man is our culture.\xcaBut culture is constantly changing.\xcaI have beautiful twin nieces who are fifteen and live in Lagos.\xcaIf they had been born a hundred years ago\xcathey would have been taken away and killed.\xcaBecause it was our culture, it was our culture to kill twins.\xca 26:42 So what is the point of culture?\xcaI mean there's the decorative,\xcathe dancing ...\xcabut also, culture really is about preservation and continuity of a people.\xcaIn my family,\xcaI am the child who is most interested in the story of who we are,\xcain our traditions,\xcain the knowledge about ancestral lands.\xcaMy brothers are not as interested as I am.\xcaBut I cannot participate,\xcaI cannot go to umunna meetings,\xcaI cannot have a say.\xcaBecause I'm female.\xcaCulture does not make people,\xcapeople make culture.\xcaSo if it is in fact true --\xca 27:18 (Applause)\xca 27:21 So if it is in fact true\xcathat the full humanity of women is not our culture,\xcathen we must make it our culture.\xca 27:29 I think very often of my dear friend, Okoloma Maduewesi.\xcaMay he and all the others who passed away in that Sosoliso crash\xcacontinue to rest in peace.\xcaHe will always be remembered by those of us who loved him.\xcaAnd he was right that day many years ago when he called me a feminist.\xca 27:50 I am a feminist.\xcaAnd when I looked up the word in the dictionary that day,\xcathis is what it said:\xca\"Feminist: a person who believes in the social, political\xcaand economic equality of the sexes.\"\xcaMy great grandmother, from the stories I've heard,\xcawas a feminist.\xcaShe ran away from the house of the man she did not want to marry\xcaand ended up marrying the man of her choice.\xcaShe refused, she protested, she spoke up\xcawhenever she felt she was being deprived of access, of land, that sort of thing.\xca 28:22 My great grandmother did not know that word \"feminist,\"\xcabut it doesn't mean that she wasn't one.\xcaMore of us should reclaim that word.\xcaMy own definition of feminist is:\xca\"A feminist is a man or a woman\xcawho says --\xca 28:40 (Laughter)\xca 28:44 (Applause)\xca 28:50 A feminist is a man or a woman who says,\xca\"Yes, there's a problem with gender as it is today,\xcaand we must fix it.\xcaWe must do better.\"\xcaThe best feminist I know\xcais my brother Kene.\xcaHe's also a kind, good-looking, lovely man,\xcaand he's very masculine.\xca 29:12 Thank you.\xca 29:14 (Applause)\xca "# fem1 %>% stri_wrap() %>% print() #Reprint so that it does not break across
# words, this is aesthetics only - Maybe you have to split and then string wrap
# bc this did not work.Remove Dashes and Odd Character Strings
Let’s take out that odd character string and the dashes. This way when we unlist nine-year-old it will not stay “nine year old” as a single vector, but rather separate into “nine” “year” “old” for individual analyses.
# fem4 <- gsub('\xca', ' ', fem3); fem4 #Strip out the odd pattern I noted in
# the visually inspected data. Replace it with a space. This worked but I also
# tried a few other ways:
fem1 <- gsub("[^\001-\177]", " ", fem)
fem1 #Finds any non-standard figures and removes them via ACSII look up. This works to remove the weird character string as well as any random other non-standard figures (credit to Marin). This does not remove punctuation or digits.## [1] "So I would like to start by telling you about one of my greatest friends, Okoloma Maduewesi. Okoloma lived on my street and looked after me like a big brother. If I liked a boy, I would ask Okoloma's opinion. Okoloma died in the notorious Sosoliso plane crash in Nigeria in December of 2005. Almost exactly seven years ago. Okoloma was a person I could argue with, laugh with and truly talk to. He was also the first person to call me a feminist. 00:39 I was about fourteen, we were at his house, arguing. Both of us bristling with half bit knowledge from books that we had read. I don't remember what this particular argument was about, but I remember that as I argued and argued, Okoloma looked at me and said, \"You know, you're a feminist.\" It was not a compliment. 00:58 (Laughter) 01:00 I could tell from his tone, the same tone that you would use to say something like, \"You're a supporter of terrorism.\" 01:05 (Laughter) 01:08 I did not know exactly what this word \"feminist\" meant, and I did not want Okoloma to know that I did not know. So I brushed it aside, and I continued to argue. And the first thing I planned to do when I got home was to look up the word \"feminist\" in the dictionary. 01:23 Now fast forward to some years later, I wrote a novel about a man who among other things beats his wife and whose story doesn't end very well. While I was promoting the novel in Nigeria, a journalist, a nice, well-meaning man, told me he wanted to advise me. And for the Nigerians here, I'm sure we're all familiar with how quick our people are to give unsolicited advice. He told me that people were saying that my novel was feminist and his advice to me -- and he was shaking his head sadly as he spoke -- was that I should never call myself a feminist because feminists are women who are unhappy because they cannot find husbands. 02:08 (Laughter) 02:12 So I decided to call myself \"a happy feminist.\" Then an academic, a Nigerian woman told me that feminism was not our culture and that feminism wasn't African, and that I was calling myself a feminist because I had been corrupted by \"Western books.\" Which amused me, because a lot of my early readings were decidedly unfeminist. I think I must have read every single Mills Boon romance published before I was sixteen. And each time I tried to read those books called \"the feminist classics,\" I'd get bored, and I really struggled to finish them. But anyway, since feminism was un-African, I decided that I would now call myself \"a happy African feminist.\" At some point I was a happy African feminist who does not hate men and who likes lip gloss and who wears high heels for herself but not for men. 02:59 (Laughter) 03:01 Of course a lot of this was tongue-in-cheek, but that word feminist is so heavy with baggage, negative baggage. You hate men, you hate bras, you hate African culture, that sort of thing. 03:13 Now here's a story from my childhood. When I was in primary school, my teacher said at the beginning of term that she would give the class a test and whoever got the highest score would be the class monitor. Now, class monitor was a big deal. If you were a class monitor, you got to write down the names of noisemakers -- 03:32 (Laughter) 03:34 which was having enough power of its own. But my teacher would also give you a cane to hold in your hand while you walk around and patrol the class for noisemakers. Now, of course you were not actually allowed to use the cane. But it was an exciting prospect for the nine-year-old me. I very much wanted to be the class monitor. And I got the highest score on the test. Then, to my surprise, my teacher said that the monitor had to be a boy. She had forgotten to make that clear earlier because she assumed it was ... obvious. 04:07 (Laughter) 04:09 A boy had the second highest score on the test, and he would be monitor. Now, what was even more interesting about this is that the boy was a sweet, gentle soul who had no interest in patrolling the class with the cane, while I was full of ambition to do so. But I was female and he was male, and so he became the class monitor. And I've never forgotten that incident. 04:37 I often make the mistake of thinking that something that is obvious to me is just as obvious to everyone else. Now, take my dear friend Louis for example. Louis is a brilliant, progressive man, and we would have conversations and he would tell me, \"I don't know what you mean by things being different or harder for women. Maybe in the past, but not now.\" And I didn't understand how Louis could not see what seems so self-evident. Then one evening, in Lagos, Louis and I went out with friends. And for people here who are not familiar with Lagos, there's that wonderful Lagos' fixture, the sprinkling of energetic men who hang around outside establishments and very dramatically \"help\" you park your car. I was impressed with the particular theatrics of the man who found us a parking spot that evening. And so as we were leaving, I decided to leave him a tip. I opened my bag, put my hand inside my bag, brought out my money that I had earned from doing my work, and I gave it to the man. And he, this man who was very grateful and very happy, took the money from me, looked across at Louis and said, \"Thank you, sir!\" 05:48 (Laughter) 05:54 Louis looked at me, surprised, and asked, \"Why is he thanking me? I didn't give him the money.\" Then I saw realization dawn on Louis' face. The man believed that whatever money I had had ultimately come from Louis. Because Louis is a man. 06:16 Men and women are different. We have different hormones, we have different sexual organs, we have different biological abilities. Women can have babies, men can't. At least not yet. 06:27 (Laughter) 06:28 Men have testosterone and are in general physically stronger than women. There's slightly more women than men in the world, about 52 percent of the world's population is female. But most of the positions of power and prestige are occupied by men. The late Kenyan Nobel Peace laureate, Wangari Maathai, put it simply and well when she said: \"The higher you go, the fewer women there are.\" In the recent US elections we kept hearing of the Lilly Ledbetter law, and if we go beyond the nicely alliterative name of that law, it was really about a man and a woman doing the same job, being equally qualified, and the man being paid more because he's a man. 07:11 So in the literal way, men rule the world, and this made sense a thousand years ago because human beings lived then in a world in which physical strength was the most important attribute for survival. The physically stronger person was more likely to lead, and men, in general, are physically stronger. Of course there are many exceptions. 07:35 (Laughter) 07:36 But today we live in a vastly different world. The person more likely to lead is not the physically stronger person; it is the more creative person, the more intelligent person, the more innovative person, and there are no hormones for those attributes. A man is as likely as a woman to be intelligent, to be creative, to be innovative. We have evolved; but it seems to me that our ideas of gender had not evolved. 08:05 Some weeks ago, I walked into a lobby of one of the best Nigerian hotels. I thought about naming the hotel, but I thought I probably shouldn't. And a guard at the entrance stopped me and asked me annoying questions, because their automatic assumption is that a Nigerian female walking into a hotel alone is a sex worker. And by the way, why do these hotels focus on the ostensible supply rather than the demand for sex workers? In Lagos I cannot go alone into many \"reputable\" bars and clubs. They just don't let you in if you're a woman alone, you have to be accompanied by a man. Each time I walk into a Nigerian restaurant with a man, the waiter greets the man and ignores me. The waiters are products -- 08:51 (Laughter) 08:52 At this some women felt like, \"Yes! I thought that!\" The waiters are products of a society that has taught them that men are more important than women. And I know that waiters don't intend any harm. But it's one thing to know intellectually and quite another to feel it emotionally. Each time they ignore me, I feel invisible. I feel upset. I want to tell them that I am just as human as the man, that I'm just as worthy of acknowledgment. These are little things, but sometimes it's the little things that sting the most. 09:24 And not long ago, I wrote an article about what it means to be young and female in Lagos, and the printers told me, \"It was so angry.\" Of course it was angry! 09:35 (Laughter) 09:40 I am angry. Gender as it functions today is a grave injustice. We should all be angry. Anger has a long history of bringing about positive change; but, in addition to being angry, I'm also hopeful. Because I believe deeply in the ability of human beings to make and remake themselves for the better. 10:00 Gender matters everywhere in the world, but I want to focus on Nigeria and on Africa in general, because it is where I know, and because it is where my heart is. And I would like today to ask that we begin to dream about and plan for a different world, a fairer world, a world of happier men and happier women who are truer to themselves. And this is how to start: we must raise our daughters differently. We must also raise our sons differently. We do a great disservice to boys on how we raise them; we stifle the humanity of boys. We define masculinity in a very narrow way, masculinity becomes this hard, small cage and we put boys inside the cage. We teach boys to be afraid of fear. We teach boys to be afraid of weakness, of vulnerability. We teach them to mask their true selves, because they have to be, in Nigerian speak, \"hard man!\" In secondary school, a boy and a girl, both of them teenagers, both of them with the same amount of pocket money, would go out and then the boy would be expected always to pay, to prove his masculinity. And yet we wonder why boys are more likely to steal money from their parents. 11:20 What if both boys and girls were raised not to link masculinity with money? What if the attitude was not \"the boy has to pay\" but rather \"whoever has more should pay?\" Now, of course because of that historical advantage, it is mostly men who will have more today, but if we start raising children differently, then in fifty years, in a hundred years, boys will no longer have the pressure of having to prove this masculinity. But by far the worst thing we do to males, by making them feel that they have to be hard, is that we leave them with very fragile egos. The more \"hard man\" the man feels compelled to be, the weaker his ego is. And then we do a much greater disservice to girls because we raise them to cater to the fragile egos of men. We teach girls to shrink themselves, to make themselves smaller, we say to girls, \"You can have ambition, but not too much.\" 12:21 (Laughter) 12:22 \"You should aim to be successful, but not too successful, otherwise you would threaten the man.\" If you are the breadwinner in your relationship with a man, you have to pretend that you're not, especially in public, otherwise you will emasculate him. 12:38 But what if we question the premise itself? Why should a woman's success be a threat to a man? What if we decide to simply dispose of that word, and I don't think there's an English word I dislike more than \"emasculation.\" A Nigerian acquaintance once asked me if I was worried that men would be intimidated by me. I was not worried at all. In fact, it had not occurred to me to be worried because a man who would be intimidated by me is exactly the kind of man I would have no interest in. 13:08 (Laughter) 13:10 (Applause) 13:17 But still I was really struck by this. Because I'm female, I'm expected to aspire to marriage; I'm expected to make my life choices always keeping in mind that marriage is the most important. A marriage can be a good thing; it can be a source of joy and love and mutual support. But why do we teach girls to aspire to marriage and we don't teach boys the same? 13:44 I know a woman who decided to sell her house because she didn't want to intimidate a man who might marry her. I know an unmarried woman in Nigeria who, when she goes to conferences, wears a wedding ring because according to her, she wants the other participants in the conference to \"give her respect.\" I know young women who are under so much pressure from family, from friends, even from work to get married, and they're pushed to make terrible choices. A woman at a certain age who is unmarried, our society teaches her to see it as a deep, personal failure. And a man at a certain age who is unmarried, we just think he hasn't come around to making his pick. 14:25 (Laughter) 14:27 It's easy for us to say, \"Oh, but women can just say no to all of this.\" But the reality is more difficult and more complex. We're all social beings. We internalize ideas from our socialization. Even the language we use in talking about marriage and relationships illustrates this. The language of marriage is often the language of ownership rather than the language of partnership. We use the word \"respect\" to mean something a woman shows a man but often not something a man shows a woman. 14:59 Both men and women in Nigeria will say -- this is an expression I'm very amused by -- \"I did it for peace in my marriage.\" Now, when men say it, it is usually about something that they should not be doing anyway. 15:12 (Laughter) 15:14 Sometimes they say it to their friends, it's something to say to their friends in a kind of fondly exasperated way, you know, something that ultimately proves how masculine they are, how needed, how loved. \"Oh, my wife said I can't go to the club every night, so for peace in my marriage, I do it only on weekends.\" 15:31 (Laughter) 15:33 Now, when a woman says, \"I did it for peace in my marriage,\" she's usually talking about giving up a job, a dream, a career. We teach females that in relationships, compromise is what women do. We raise girls to see each other as competitors -- not for jobs or for accomplishments, which I think can be a good thing, but for attention of men. We teach girls that they cannot be sexual beings in the way that boys are. If we have sons, we don't mind knowing about our sons' girlfriends. But our daughters' boyfriends? God forbid. 16:10 (Laughter) 16:11 But of course when the time is right, we expect those girls to bring back the perfect man to be their husbands. We police girls, we praise girls for virginity, but we don't praise boys for virginity, and it's always made me wonder how exactly this is supposed to work out because ... 16:27 (Laughter) 16:29 (Applause) 16:37 I mean, the loss of virginity is usually a process that involves ... 16:42 Recently a young woman was gang raped in a university in Nigeria, I think some of us know about that. And the response of many young Nigerians, both male and female, was something along the lines of this: \"Yes, rape is wrong. But what is a girl doing in a room with four boys?\" Now, if we can forget the horrible inhumanity of that response, these Nigerians have been raised to think of women as inherently guilty, and they have been raised to expect so little of men that the idea of men as savage beings without any control is somehow acceptable. We teach girls shame. \"Close your legs.\" \"Cover yourself.\" We make them feel as though by being born female they're already guilty of something. And so, girls grow up to be women who cannot see they have desire. They grow up to be women who silence themselves. They grow up to be women who cannot say what they truly think, and they grow up -- and this is the worst thing we did to girls -- they grow up to be women who have turned pretense into an art form. 17:49 (Applause) 17:55 I know a woman who hates domestic work, she just hates it, but she pretends that she likes it, because she's been taught that to be \"good wife material\" she has to be -- to use that Nigerian word -- very \"homely.\" And then she got married, and after a while her husband's family began to complain that she had changed. 18:18 (Laughter) 18:19 Actually, she had not changed, she just got tired of pretending. 18:24 The problem with gender, is that it prescribes how we should be rather than recognizing how we are. 18:32 Now imagine how much happier we would be, how much freer to be our true individual selves, if we didn't have the weight of gender expectations. Boys and girls are undeniably different biologically, but socialization exaggerates the differences and then it becomes a self-fulfilling process. Now, take cooking for example. Today women in general are more likely to do the housework than men, the cooking and cleaning. But why is that? Is it because women are born with a cooking gene? 19:05 (Laughter) 19:06 Or because over years they have been socialized to see cooking as their role? Actually, I was going to say that maybe women are born with a cooking gene, until I remember that the majority of the famous cooks in the world, whom we give the fancy title of \"chefs,\" are men. 19:22 I used to look up to my grandmother who was a brilliant, brilliant woman, and wonder how she would have been if she had the same opportunities as men when she was growing up. 19:32 Now today, there are many more opportunities for women than there were during my grandmother's time because of changes in policy, changes in law, all of which are very important. But what matters even more is our attitude, our mindset, what we believe and what we value about gender. What if in raising children we focus on ability instead of gender? What if in raising children we focus on interest instead of gender? 20:00 I know a family who have a son and a daughter, both of whom are brilliant at school, who are wonderful, lovely children. When the boy is hungry, the parents say to the girl, \"Go and cook Indomie noodles for your brother.\" 20:11 (Laughter) 20:12 Now, the daughter doesn't particularly like to cook Indomie noodles, but she's a girl, and so she has to. Now, what if the parents, from the beginning, taught both the boy and the girl to cook Indomie? Cooking, by the way, is a very useful skill for boys to have. I've never thought it made sense to leave such a crucial thing, the ability to nourish oneself -- 20:37 (Laughter) 20:38 in the hands of others. 20:40 (Applause) 20:45 I know a woman who has the same degree and the same job as her husband. When they get back from work, she does most of the housework, which I think is true for many marriages. But what struck me about them was that whenever her husband changed the baby's diaper, she said \"thank you\" to him. Now, what if she saw this as perfectly normal and natural that he should, in fact, care for his child? 21:10 (Laughter) 21:13 I'm trying to unlearn many of the lessons of gender that I internalized when I was growing up. But I sometimes still feel very vulnerable in the face of gender expectations. The first time I taught a writing class in graduate school, I was worried. I wasn't worried about the material I would teach because I was well-prepared, and I was going to teach what I enjoy teaching. Instead, I was worried about what to wear. I wanted to be taken seriously. I knew that because I was female I will automatically have to prove my worth. And I was worried that if I looked too feminine, I would not be taken seriously. I really wanted to wear my shiny lip gloss and my girly skirt, but I decided not to. Instead, I wore a very serious, very manly and very ugly suit. 22:02 (Laughter) 22:03 Because the sad truth is that when it comes to appearance we start off with men as the standard, as the norm. If a man is getting ready for a business meeting, he doesn't worry about looking too masculine and therefore not being taken for granted. If a woman has to get ready for business meeting, she has to worry about looking too feminine and what it says and whether or not she will be taken seriously. 22:27 I wish I had not worn that ugly suit that day. I've actually banished it from my closet, by the way. Had I then the confidence that I have now to be myself, my students would have benefited even more from my teaching, because I would have been more comfortable and more fully and more truly myself. I have chosen to no longer be apologetic for my femaleness and for my femininity. 22:53 (Applause) 22:59 And I want to be respected in all of my femaleness because I deserve to be. Gender is not an easy conversation to have. For both men and women, to bring up gender is sometimes to encounter almost immediate resistance. I can imagine some people here are actually thinking, \"Women too do sef.\" Some of the men here might be thinking, \"OK, all of this is interesting, but I don't think like that.\" And that is part of the problem. 23:29 That many men do not actively think about gender or notice gender is part of the problem of gender. That many men, say, like my friend Louis, that everything is fine now. And that many men do nothing to change it. If you are a man and you walk into a restaurant with a woman and the waiter greets only you, does it occur to you to ask the waiter, \"Why haven't you greeted her?\" Because gender can be -- 23:58 (Laughter) 24:08 Actually, we may repose part of a longer version of this talk. So, because gender can be a very uncomfortable conversation to have, there are very easy ways to close it, to close the conversation. So some people will bring up evolutionary biology and apes, how, you know, female apes bow down to male apes and that sort of thing. But the point is we're not apes. 24:31 (Laughter) 24:32 (Applause) 24:37 Apes also live on trees and have earthworms for breakfast, and we don't. Some people will say, \"Well, poor men also have a hard time.\" And this is true. But that is not what this -- 24:52 (Laughter) 24:53 But this is not what this conversation is about. Gender and class are different forms of oppression. I actually learned quite a bit about systems of oppression and how they can be blind to one another by talking to black men. 25:10 I was once talking to a black man about gender and he said to me, \"Why do you have to say 'my experience as a woman'? Why can't it be 'your experience as a human being'?\" Now, this was the same man who would often talk about his experience as a black man. 25:30 Gender matters. Men and women experience the world differently. Gender colors the way we experience the world. But we can change that. 25:40 Some people will say, \"Oh, but women have the real power, bottom power.\" And for non-Nigerians, bottom power is an expression which I suppose means something like a woman who uses her sexuality to get favors from men. But bottom power is not power at all. Bottom power means that a woman simply has a good root to tap into, from time to time -- somebody else's power. And then, of course, we have to wonder what happens when that somebody else is in a bad mood, or sick or impotent. 26:15 (Laughter) 26:19 Some people will say that a woman being subordinate to a man is our culture. But culture is constantly changing. I have beautiful twin nieces who are fifteen and live in Lagos. If they had been born a hundred years ago they would have been taken away and killed. Because it was our culture, it was our culture to kill twins. 26:42 So what is the point of culture? I mean there's the decorative, the dancing ... but also, culture really is about preservation and continuity of a people. In my family, I am the child who is most interested in the story of who we are, in our traditions, in the knowledge about ancestral lands. My brothers are not as interested as I am. But I cannot participate, I cannot go to umunna meetings, I cannot have a say. Because I'm female. Culture does not make people, people make culture. So if it is in fact true -- 27:18 (Applause) 27:21 So if it is in fact true that the full humanity of women is not our culture, then we must make it our culture. 27:29 I think very often of my dear friend, Okoloma Maduewesi. May he and all the others who passed away in that Sosoliso crash continue to rest in peace. He will always be remembered by those of us who loved him. And he was right that day many years ago when he called me a feminist. 27:50 I am a feminist. And when I looked up the word in the dictionary that day, this is what it said: \"Feminist: a person who believes in the social, political and economic equality of the sexes.\" My great grandmother, from the stories I've heard, was a feminist. She ran away from the house of the man she did not want to marry and ended up marrying the man of her choice. She refused, she protested, she spoke up whenever she felt she was being deprived of access, of land, that sort of thing. 28:22 My great grandmother did not know that word \"feminist,\" but it doesn't mean that she wasn't one. More of us should reclaim that word. My own definition of feminist is: \"A feminist is a man or a woman who says -- 28:40 (Laughter) 28:44 (Applause) 28:50 A feminist is a man or a woman who says, \"Yes, there's a problem with gender as it is today, and we must fix it. We must do better.\" The best feminist I know is my brother Kene. He's also a kind, good-looking, lovely man, and he's very masculine. 29:12 Thank you. 29:14 (Applause) "# fem1 <- gsub('[^a-zA-Z]', ' ', fem) # --> This code from Jamie removes anything
# that does not start with the letter a-z or A-Z and replaces it with a space.
# Thus, it will remove random punctuation and digits. However, this is not what
# we want to do quite yet as it will remove contractions, which we want to keep
# until we can change them to their un-contracted form.
fem2 <- gsub("-", " ", fem1) #Subs dashes for spaces
fem2 #print and examine data## [1] "So I would like to start by telling you about one of my greatest friends, Okoloma Maduewesi. Okoloma lived on my street and looked after me like a big brother. If I liked a boy, I would ask Okoloma's opinion. Okoloma died in the notorious Sosoliso plane crash in Nigeria in December of 2005. Almost exactly seven years ago. Okoloma was a person I could argue with, laugh with and truly talk to. He was also the first person to call me a feminist. 00:39 I was about fourteen, we were at his house, arguing. Both of us bristling with half bit knowledge from books that we had read. I don't remember what this particular argument was about, but I remember that as I argued and argued, Okoloma looked at me and said, \"You know, you're a feminist.\" It was not a compliment. 00:58 (Laughter) 01:00 I could tell from his tone, the same tone that you would use to say something like, \"You're a supporter of terrorism.\" 01:05 (Laughter) 01:08 I did not know exactly what this word \"feminist\" meant, and I did not want Okoloma to know that I did not know. So I brushed it aside, and I continued to argue. And the first thing I planned to do when I got home was to look up the word \"feminist\" in the dictionary. 01:23 Now fast forward to some years later, I wrote a novel about a man who among other things beats his wife and whose story doesn't end very well. While I was promoting the novel in Nigeria, a journalist, a nice, well meaning man, told me he wanted to advise me. And for the Nigerians here, I'm sure we're all familiar with how quick our people are to give unsolicited advice. He told me that people were saying that my novel was feminist and his advice to me and he was shaking his head sadly as he spoke was that I should never call myself a feminist because feminists are women who are unhappy because they cannot find husbands. 02:08 (Laughter) 02:12 So I decided to call myself \"a happy feminist.\" Then an academic, a Nigerian woman told me that feminism was not our culture and that feminism wasn't African, and that I was calling myself a feminist because I had been corrupted by \"Western books.\" Which amused me, because a lot of my early readings were decidedly unfeminist. I think I must have read every single Mills Boon romance published before I was sixteen. And each time I tried to read those books called \"the feminist classics,\" I'd get bored, and I really struggled to finish them. But anyway, since feminism was un African, I decided that I would now call myself \"a happy African feminist.\" At some point I was a happy African feminist who does not hate men and who likes lip gloss and who wears high heels for herself but not for men. 02:59 (Laughter) 03:01 Of course a lot of this was tongue in cheek, but that word feminist is so heavy with baggage, negative baggage. You hate men, you hate bras, you hate African culture, that sort of thing. 03:13 Now here's a story from my childhood. When I was in primary school, my teacher said at the beginning of term that she would give the class a test and whoever got the highest score would be the class monitor. Now, class monitor was a big deal. If you were a class monitor, you got to write down the names of noisemakers 03:32 (Laughter) 03:34 which was having enough power of its own. But my teacher would also give you a cane to hold in your hand while you walk around and patrol the class for noisemakers. Now, of course you were not actually allowed to use the cane. But it was an exciting prospect for the nine year old me. I very much wanted to be the class monitor. And I got the highest score on the test. Then, to my surprise, my teacher said that the monitor had to be a boy. She had forgotten to make that clear earlier because she assumed it was ... obvious. 04:07 (Laughter) 04:09 A boy had the second highest score on the test, and he would be monitor. Now, what was even more interesting about this is that the boy was a sweet, gentle soul who had no interest in patrolling the class with the cane, while I was full of ambition to do so. But I was female and he was male, and so he became the class monitor. And I've never forgotten that incident. 04:37 I often make the mistake of thinking that something that is obvious to me is just as obvious to everyone else. Now, take my dear friend Louis for example. Louis is a brilliant, progressive man, and we would have conversations and he would tell me, \"I don't know what you mean by things being different or harder for women. Maybe in the past, but not now.\" And I didn't understand how Louis could not see what seems so self evident. Then one evening, in Lagos, Louis and I went out with friends. And for people here who are not familiar with Lagos, there's that wonderful Lagos' fixture, the sprinkling of energetic men who hang around outside establishments and very dramatically \"help\" you park your car. I was impressed with the particular theatrics of the man who found us a parking spot that evening. And so as we were leaving, I decided to leave him a tip. I opened my bag, put my hand inside my bag, brought out my money that I had earned from doing my work, and I gave it to the man. And he, this man who was very grateful and very happy, took the money from me, looked across at Louis and said, \"Thank you, sir!\" 05:48 (Laughter) 05:54 Louis looked at me, surprised, and asked, \"Why is he thanking me? I didn't give him the money.\" Then I saw realization dawn on Louis' face. The man believed that whatever money I had had ultimately come from Louis. Because Louis is a man. 06:16 Men and women are different. We have different hormones, we have different sexual organs, we have different biological abilities. Women can have babies, men can't. At least not yet. 06:27 (Laughter) 06:28 Men have testosterone and are in general physically stronger than women. There's slightly more women than men in the world, about 52 percent of the world's population is female. But most of the positions of power and prestige are occupied by men. The late Kenyan Nobel Peace laureate, Wangari Maathai, put it simply and well when she said: \"The higher you go, the fewer women there are.\" In the recent US elections we kept hearing of the Lilly Ledbetter law, and if we go beyond the nicely alliterative name of that law, it was really about a man and a woman doing the same job, being equally qualified, and the man being paid more because he's a man. 07:11 So in the literal way, men rule the world, and this made sense a thousand years ago because human beings lived then in a world in which physical strength was the most important attribute for survival. The physically stronger person was more likely to lead, and men, in general, are physically stronger. Of course there are many exceptions. 07:35 (Laughter) 07:36 But today we live in a vastly different world. The person more likely to lead is not the physically stronger person; it is the more creative person, the more intelligent person, the more innovative person, and there are no hormones for those attributes. A man is as likely as a woman to be intelligent, to be creative, to be innovative. We have evolved; but it seems to me that our ideas of gender had not evolved. 08:05 Some weeks ago, I walked into a lobby of one of the best Nigerian hotels. I thought about naming the hotel, but I thought I probably shouldn't. And a guard at the entrance stopped me and asked me annoying questions, because their automatic assumption is that a Nigerian female walking into a hotel alone is a sex worker. And by the way, why do these hotels focus on the ostensible supply rather than the demand for sex workers? In Lagos I cannot go alone into many \"reputable\" bars and clubs. They just don't let you in if you're a woman alone, you have to be accompanied by a man. Each time I walk into a Nigerian restaurant with a man, the waiter greets the man and ignores me. The waiters are products 08:51 (Laughter) 08:52 At this some women felt like, \"Yes! I thought that!\" The waiters are products of a society that has taught them that men are more important than women. And I know that waiters don't intend any harm. But it's one thing to know intellectually and quite another to feel it emotionally. Each time they ignore me, I feel invisible. I feel upset. I want to tell them that I am just as human as the man, that I'm just as worthy of acknowledgment. These are little things, but sometimes it's the little things that sting the most. 09:24 And not long ago, I wrote an article about what it means to be young and female in Lagos, and the printers told me, \"It was so angry.\" Of course it was angry! 09:35 (Laughter) 09:40 I am angry. Gender as it functions today is a grave injustice. We should all be angry. Anger has a long history of bringing about positive change; but, in addition to being angry, I'm also hopeful. Because I believe deeply in the ability of human beings to make and remake themselves for the better. 10:00 Gender matters everywhere in the world, but I want to focus on Nigeria and on Africa in general, because it is where I know, and because it is where my heart is. And I would like today to ask that we begin to dream about and plan for a different world, a fairer world, a world of happier men and happier women who are truer to themselves. And this is how to start: we must raise our daughters differently. We must also raise our sons differently. We do a great disservice to boys on how we raise them; we stifle the humanity of boys. We define masculinity in a very narrow way, masculinity becomes this hard, small cage and we put boys inside the cage. We teach boys to be afraid of fear. We teach boys to be afraid of weakness, of vulnerability. We teach them to mask their true selves, because they have to be, in Nigerian speak, \"hard man!\" In secondary school, a boy and a girl, both of them teenagers, both of them with the same amount of pocket money, would go out and then the boy would be expected always to pay, to prove his masculinity. And yet we wonder why boys are more likely to steal money from their parents. 11:20 What if both boys and girls were raised not to link masculinity with money? What if the attitude was not \"the boy has to pay\" but rather \"whoever has more should pay?\" Now, of course because of that historical advantage, it is mostly men who will have more today, but if we start raising children differently, then in fifty years, in a hundred years, boys will no longer have the pressure of having to prove this masculinity. But by far the worst thing we do to males, by making them feel that they have to be hard, is that we leave them with very fragile egos. The more \"hard man\" the man feels compelled to be, the weaker his ego is. And then we do a much greater disservice to girls because we raise them to cater to the fragile egos of men. We teach girls to shrink themselves, to make themselves smaller, we say to girls, \"You can have ambition, but not too much.\" 12:21 (Laughter) 12:22 \"You should aim to be successful, but not too successful, otherwise you would threaten the man.\" If you are the breadwinner in your relationship with a man, you have to pretend that you're not, especially in public, otherwise you will emasculate him. 12:38 But what if we question the premise itself? Why should a woman's success be a threat to a man? What if we decide to simply dispose of that word, and I don't think there's an English word I dislike more than \"emasculation.\" A Nigerian acquaintance once asked me if I was worried that men would be intimidated by me. I was not worried at all. In fact, it had not occurred to me to be worried because a man who would be intimidated by me is exactly the kind of man I would have no interest in. 13:08 (Laughter) 13:10 (Applause) 13:17 But still I was really struck by this. Because I'm female, I'm expected to aspire to marriage; I'm expected to make my life choices always keeping in mind that marriage is the most important. A marriage can be a good thing; it can be a source of joy and love and mutual support. But why do we teach girls to aspire to marriage and we don't teach boys the same? 13:44 I know a woman who decided to sell her house because she didn't want to intimidate a man who might marry her. I know an unmarried woman in Nigeria who, when she goes to conferences, wears a wedding ring because according to her, she wants the other participants in the conference to \"give her respect.\" I know young women who are under so much pressure from family, from friends, even from work to get married, and they're pushed to make terrible choices. A woman at a certain age who is unmarried, our society teaches her to see it as a deep, personal failure. And a man at a certain age who is unmarried, we just think he hasn't come around to making his pick. 14:25 (Laughter) 14:27 It's easy for us to say, \"Oh, but women can just say no to all of this.\" But the reality is more difficult and more complex. We're all social beings. We internalize ideas from our socialization. Even the language we use in talking about marriage and relationships illustrates this. The language of marriage is often the language of ownership rather than the language of partnership. We use the word \"respect\" to mean something a woman shows a man but often not something a man shows a woman. 14:59 Both men and women in Nigeria will say this is an expression I'm very amused by \"I did it for peace in my marriage.\" Now, when men say it, it is usually about something that they should not be doing anyway. 15:12 (Laughter) 15:14 Sometimes they say it to their friends, it's something to say to their friends in a kind of fondly exasperated way, you know, something that ultimately proves how masculine they are, how needed, how loved. \"Oh, my wife said I can't go to the club every night, so for peace in my marriage, I do it only on weekends.\" 15:31 (Laughter) 15:33 Now, when a woman says, \"I did it for peace in my marriage,\" she's usually talking about giving up a job, a dream, a career. We teach females that in relationships, compromise is what women do. We raise girls to see each other as competitors not for jobs or for accomplishments, which I think can be a good thing, but for attention of men. We teach girls that they cannot be sexual beings in the way that boys are. If we have sons, we don't mind knowing about our sons' girlfriends. But our daughters' boyfriends? God forbid. 16:10 (Laughter) 16:11 But of course when the time is right, we expect those girls to bring back the perfect man to be their husbands. We police girls, we praise girls for virginity, but we don't praise boys for virginity, and it's always made me wonder how exactly this is supposed to work out because ... 16:27 (Laughter) 16:29 (Applause) 16:37 I mean, the loss of virginity is usually a process that involves ... 16:42 Recently a young woman was gang raped in a university in Nigeria, I think some of us know about that. And the response of many young Nigerians, both male and female, was something along the lines of this: \"Yes, rape is wrong. But what is a girl doing in a room with four boys?\" Now, if we can forget the horrible inhumanity of that response, these Nigerians have been raised to think of women as inherently guilty, and they have been raised to expect so little of men that the idea of men as savage beings without any control is somehow acceptable. We teach girls shame. \"Close your legs.\" \"Cover yourself.\" We make them feel as though by being born female they're already guilty of something. And so, girls grow up to be women who cannot see they have desire. They grow up to be women who silence themselves. They grow up to be women who cannot say what they truly think, and they grow up and this is the worst thing we did to girls they grow up to be women who have turned pretense into an art form. 17:49 (Applause) 17:55 I know a woman who hates domestic work, she just hates it, but she pretends that she likes it, because she's been taught that to be \"good wife material\" she has to be to use that Nigerian word very \"homely.\" And then she got married, and after a while her husband's family began to complain that she had changed. 18:18 (Laughter) 18:19 Actually, she had not changed, she just got tired of pretending. 18:24 The problem with gender, is that it prescribes how we should be rather than recognizing how we are. 18:32 Now imagine how much happier we would be, how much freer to be our true individual selves, if we didn't have the weight of gender expectations. Boys and girls are undeniably different biologically, but socialization exaggerates the differences and then it becomes a self fulfilling process. Now, take cooking for example. Today women in general are more likely to do the housework than men, the cooking and cleaning. But why is that? Is it because women are born with a cooking gene? 19:05 (Laughter) 19:06 Or because over years they have been socialized to see cooking as their role? Actually, I was going to say that maybe women are born with a cooking gene, until I remember that the majority of the famous cooks in the world, whom we give the fancy title of \"chefs,\" are men. 19:22 I used to look up to my grandmother who was a brilliant, brilliant woman, and wonder how she would have been if she had the same opportunities as men when she was growing up. 19:32 Now today, there are many more opportunities for women than there were during my grandmother's time because of changes in policy, changes in law, all of which are very important. But what matters even more is our attitude, our mindset, what we believe and what we value about gender. What if in raising children we focus on ability instead of gender? What if in raising children we focus on interest instead of gender? 20:00 I know a family who have a son and a daughter, both of whom are brilliant at school, who are wonderful, lovely children. When the boy is hungry, the parents say to the girl, \"Go and cook Indomie noodles for your brother.\" 20:11 (Laughter) 20:12 Now, the daughter doesn't particularly like to cook Indomie noodles, but she's a girl, and so she has to. Now, what if the parents, from the beginning, taught both the boy and the girl to cook Indomie? Cooking, by the way, is a very useful skill for boys to have. I've never thought it made sense to leave such a crucial thing, the ability to nourish oneself 20:37 (Laughter) 20:38 in the hands of others. 20:40 (Applause) 20:45 I know a woman who has the same degree and the same job as her husband. When they get back from work, she does most of the housework, which I think is true for many marriages. But what struck me about them was that whenever her husband changed the baby's diaper, she said \"thank you\" to him. Now, what if she saw this as perfectly normal and natural that he should, in fact, care for his child? 21:10 (Laughter) 21:13 I'm trying to unlearn many of the lessons of gender that I internalized when I was growing up. But I sometimes still feel very vulnerable in the face of gender expectations. The first time I taught a writing class in graduate school, I was worried. I wasn't worried about the material I would teach because I was well prepared, and I was going to teach what I enjoy teaching. Instead, I was worried about what to wear. I wanted to be taken seriously. I knew that because I was female I will automatically have to prove my worth. And I was worried that if I looked too feminine, I would not be taken seriously. I really wanted to wear my shiny lip gloss and my girly skirt, but I decided not to. Instead, I wore a very serious, very manly and very ugly suit. 22:02 (Laughter) 22:03 Because the sad truth is that when it comes to appearance we start off with men as the standard, as the norm. If a man is getting ready for a business meeting, he doesn't worry about looking too masculine and therefore not being taken for granted. If a woman has to get ready for business meeting, she has to worry about looking too feminine and what it says and whether or not she will be taken seriously. 22:27 I wish I had not worn that ugly suit that day. I've actually banished it from my closet, by the way. Had I then the confidence that I have now to be myself, my students would have benefited even more from my teaching, because I would have been more comfortable and more fully and more truly myself. I have chosen to no longer be apologetic for my femaleness and for my femininity. 22:53 (Applause) 22:59 And I want to be respected in all of my femaleness because I deserve to be. Gender is not an easy conversation to have. For both men and women, to bring up gender is sometimes to encounter almost immediate resistance. I can imagine some people here are actually thinking, \"Women too do sef.\" Some of the men here might be thinking, \"OK, all of this is interesting, but I don't think like that.\" And that is part of the problem. 23:29 That many men do not actively think about gender or notice gender is part of the problem of gender. That many men, say, like my friend Louis, that everything is fine now. And that many men do nothing to change it. If you are a man and you walk into a restaurant with a woman and the waiter greets only you, does it occur to you to ask the waiter, \"Why haven't you greeted her?\" Because gender can be 23:58 (Laughter) 24:08 Actually, we may repose part of a longer version of this talk. So, because gender can be a very uncomfortable conversation to have, there are very easy ways to close it, to close the conversation. So some people will bring up evolutionary biology and apes, how, you know, female apes bow down to male apes and that sort of thing. But the point is we're not apes. 24:31 (Laughter) 24:32 (Applause) 24:37 Apes also live on trees and have earthworms for breakfast, and we don't. Some people will say, \"Well, poor men also have a hard time.\" And this is true. But that is not what this 24:52 (Laughter) 24:53 But this is not what this conversation is about. Gender and class are different forms of oppression. I actually learned quite a bit about systems of oppression and how they can be blind to one another by talking to black men. 25:10 I was once talking to a black man about gender and he said to me, \"Why do you have to say 'my experience as a woman'? Why can't it be 'your experience as a human being'?\" Now, this was the same man who would often talk about his experience as a black man. 25:30 Gender matters. Men and women experience the world differently. Gender colors the way we experience the world. But we can change that. 25:40 Some people will say, \"Oh, but women have the real power, bottom power.\" And for non Nigerians, bottom power is an expression which I suppose means something like a woman who uses her sexuality to get favors from men. But bottom power is not power at all. Bottom power means that a woman simply has a good root to tap into, from time to time somebody else's power. And then, of course, we have to wonder what happens when that somebody else is in a bad mood, or sick or impotent. 26:15 (Laughter) 26:19 Some people will say that a woman being subordinate to a man is our culture. But culture is constantly changing. I have beautiful twin nieces who are fifteen and live in Lagos. If they had been born a hundred years ago they would have been taken away and killed. Because it was our culture, it was our culture to kill twins. 26:42 So what is the point of culture? I mean there's the decorative, the dancing ... but also, culture really is about preservation and continuity of a people. In my family, I am the child who is most interested in the story of who we are, in our traditions, in the knowledge about ancestral lands. My brothers are not as interested as I am. But I cannot participate, I cannot go to umunna meetings, I cannot have a say. Because I'm female. Culture does not make people, people make culture. So if it is in fact true 27:18 (Applause) 27:21 So if it is in fact true that the full humanity of women is not our culture, then we must make it our culture. 27:29 I think very often of my dear friend, Okoloma Maduewesi. May he and all the others who passed away in that Sosoliso crash continue to rest in peace. He will always be remembered by those of us who loved him. And he was right that day many years ago when he called me a feminist. 27:50 I am a feminist. And when I looked up the word in the dictionary that day, this is what it said: \"Feminist: a person who believes in the social, political and economic equality of the sexes.\" My great grandmother, from the stories I've heard, was a feminist. She ran away from the house of the man she did not want to marry and ended up marrying the man of her choice. She refused, she protested, she spoke up whenever she felt she was being deprived of access, of land, that sort of thing. 28:22 My great grandmother did not know that word \"feminist,\" but it doesn't mean that she wasn't one. More of us should reclaim that word. My own definition of feminist is: \"A feminist is a man or a woman who says 28:40 (Laughter) 28:44 (Applause) 28:50 A feminist is a man or a woman who says, \"Yes, there's a problem with gender as it is today, and we must fix it. We must do better.\" The best feminist I know is my brother Kene. He's also a kind, good looking, lovely man, and he's very masculine. 29:12 Thank you. 29:14 (Applause) "Removing Digits and Annotations
We need to remove all of the time stamps and the audience participation annotations: (Laughter) and (Applause).
Another way to do the latter would be to gsub anything in parentheses out for nothing. The way I did it leaves hanging parentheses. There are always going to be multiple ways to code something. For purposes of this project, I chose to complete a more broken down, step-by-step process.
fem3 <- gsub("[[:digit:]]", "", fem2)
fem3 #Replace numbers with nothing. Remember, if I used Jamie's code above, all numbers would already be gone. ## [1] "So I would like to start by telling you about one of my greatest friends, Okoloma Maduewesi. Okoloma lived on my street and looked after me like a big brother. If I liked a boy, I would ask Okoloma's opinion. Okoloma died in the notorious Sosoliso plane crash in Nigeria in December of . Almost exactly seven years ago. Okoloma was a person I could argue with, laugh with and truly talk to. He was also the first person to call me a feminist. : I was about fourteen, we were at his house, arguing. Both of us bristling with half bit knowledge from books that we had read. I don't remember what this particular argument was about, but I remember that as I argued and argued, Okoloma looked at me and said, \"You know, you're a feminist.\" It was not a compliment. : (Laughter) : I could tell from his tone, the same tone that you would use to say something like, \"You're a supporter of terrorism.\" : (Laughter) : I did not know exactly what this word \"feminist\" meant, and I did not want Okoloma to know that I did not know. So I brushed it aside, and I continued to argue. And the first thing I planned to do when I got home was to look up the word \"feminist\" in the dictionary. : Now fast forward to some years later, I wrote a novel about a man who among other things beats his wife and whose story doesn't end very well. While I was promoting the novel in Nigeria, a journalist, a nice, well meaning man, told me he wanted to advise me. And for the Nigerians here, I'm sure we're all familiar with how quick our people are to give unsolicited advice. He told me that people were saying that my novel was feminist and his advice to me and he was shaking his head sadly as he spoke was that I should never call myself a feminist because feminists are women who are unhappy because they cannot find husbands. : (Laughter) : So I decided to call myself \"a happy feminist.\" Then an academic, a Nigerian woman told me that feminism was not our culture and that feminism wasn't African, and that I was calling myself a feminist because I had been corrupted by \"Western books.\" Which amused me, because a lot of my early readings were decidedly unfeminist. I think I must have read every single Mills Boon romance published before I was sixteen. And each time I tried to read those books called \"the feminist classics,\" I'd get bored, and I really struggled to finish them. But anyway, since feminism was un African, I decided that I would now call myself \"a happy African feminist.\" At some point I was a happy African feminist who does not hate men and who likes lip gloss and who wears high heels for herself but not for men. : (Laughter) : Of course a lot of this was tongue in cheek, but that word feminist is so heavy with baggage, negative baggage. You hate men, you hate bras, you hate African culture, that sort of thing. : Now here's a story from my childhood. When I was in primary school, my teacher said at the beginning of term that she would give the class a test and whoever got the highest score would be the class monitor. Now, class monitor was a big deal. If you were a class monitor, you got to write down the names of noisemakers : (Laughter) : which was having enough power of its own. But my teacher would also give you a cane to hold in your hand while you walk around and patrol the class for noisemakers. Now, of course you were not actually allowed to use the cane. But it was an exciting prospect for the nine year old me. I very much wanted to be the class monitor. And I got the highest score on the test. Then, to my surprise, my teacher said that the monitor had to be a boy. She had forgotten to make that clear earlier because she assumed it was ... obvious. : (Laughter) : A boy had the second highest score on the test, and he would be monitor. Now, what was even more interesting about this is that the boy was a sweet, gentle soul who had no interest in patrolling the class with the cane, while I was full of ambition to do so. But I was female and he was male, and so he became the class monitor. And I've never forgotten that incident. : I often make the mistake of thinking that something that is obvious to me is just as obvious to everyone else. Now, take my dear friend Louis for example. Louis is a brilliant, progressive man, and we would have conversations and he would tell me, \"I don't know what you mean by things being different or harder for women. Maybe in the past, but not now.\" And I didn't understand how Louis could not see what seems so self evident. Then one evening, in Lagos, Louis and I went out with friends. And for people here who are not familiar with Lagos, there's that wonderful Lagos' fixture, the sprinkling of energetic men who hang around outside establishments and very dramatically \"help\" you park your car. I was impressed with the particular theatrics of the man who found us a parking spot that evening. And so as we were leaving, I decided to leave him a tip. I opened my bag, put my hand inside my bag, brought out my money that I had earned from doing my work, and I gave it to the man. And he, this man who was very grateful and very happy, took the money from me, looked across at Louis and said, \"Thank you, sir!\" : (Laughter) : Louis looked at me, surprised, and asked, \"Why is he thanking me? I didn't give him the money.\" Then I saw realization dawn on Louis' face. The man believed that whatever money I had had ultimately come from Louis. Because Louis is a man. : Men and women are different. We have different hormones, we have different sexual organs, we have different biological abilities. Women can have babies, men can't. At least not yet. : (Laughter) : Men have testosterone and are in general physically stronger than women. There's slightly more women than men in the world, about percent of the world's population is female. But most of the positions of power and prestige are occupied by men. The late Kenyan Nobel Peace laureate, Wangari Maathai, put it simply and well when she said: \"The higher you go, the fewer women there are.\" In the recent US elections we kept hearing of the Lilly Ledbetter law, and if we go beyond the nicely alliterative name of that law, it was really about a man and a woman doing the same job, being equally qualified, and the man being paid more because he's a man. : So in the literal way, men rule the world, and this made sense a thousand years ago because human beings lived then in a world in which physical strength was the most important attribute for survival. The physically stronger person was more likely to lead, and men, in general, are physically stronger. Of course there are many exceptions. : (Laughter) : But today we live in a vastly different world. The person more likely to lead is not the physically stronger person; it is the more creative person, the more intelligent person, the more innovative person, and there are no hormones for those attributes. A man is as likely as a woman to be intelligent, to be creative, to be innovative. We have evolved; but it seems to me that our ideas of gender had not evolved. : Some weeks ago, I walked into a lobby of one of the best Nigerian hotels. I thought about naming the hotel, but I thought I probably shouldn't. And a guard at the entrance stopped me and asked me annoying questions, because their automatic assumption is that a Nigerian female walking into a hotel alone is a sex worker. And by the way, why do these hotels focus on the ostensible supply rather than the demand for sex workers? In Lagos I cannot go alone into many \"reputable\" bars and clubs. They just don't let you in if you're a woman alone, you have to be accompanied by a man. Each time I walk into a Nigerian restaurant with a man, the waiter greets the man and ignores me. The waiters are products : (Laughter) : At this some women felt like, \"Yes! I thought that!\" The waiters are products of a society that has taught them that men are more important than women. And I know that waiters don't intend any harm. But it's one thing to know intellectually and quite another to feel it emotionally. Each time they ignore me, I feel invisible. I feel upset. I want to tell them that I am just as human as the man, that I'm just as worthy of acknowledgment. These are little things, but sometimes it's the little things that sting the most. : And not long ago, I wrote an article about what it means to be young and female in Lagos, and the printers told me, \"It was so angry.\" Of course it was angry! : (Laughter) : I am angry. Gender as it functions today is a grave injustice. We should all be angry. Anger has a long history of bringing about positive change; but, in addition to being angry, I'm also hopeful. Because I believe deeply in the ability of human beings to make and remake themselves for the better. : Gender matters everywhere in the world, but I want to focus on Nigeria and on Africa in general, because it is where I know, and because it is where my heart is. And I would like today to ask that we begin to dream about and plan for a different world, a fairer world, a world of happier men and happier women who are truer to themselves. And this is how to start: we must raise our daughters differently. We must also raise our sons differently. We do a great disservice to boys on how we raise them; we stifle the humanity of boys. We define masculinity in a very narrow way, masculinity becomes this hard, small cage and we put boys inside the cage. We teach boys to be afraid of fear. We teach boys to be afraid of weakness, of vulnerability. We teach them to mask their true selves, because they have to be, in Nigerian speak, \"hard man!\" In secondary school, a boy and a girl, both of them teenagers, both of them with the same amount of pocket money, would go out and then the boy would be expected always to pay, to prove his masculinity. And yet we wonder why boys are more likely to steal money from their parents. : What if both boys and girls were raised not to link masculinity with money? What if the attitude was not \"the boy has to pay\" but rather \"whoever has more should pay?\" Now, of course because of that historical advantage, it is mostly men who will have more today, but if we start raising children differently, then in fifty years, in a hundred years, boys will no longer have the pressure of having to prove this masculinity. But by far the worst thing we do to males, by making them feel that they have to be hard, is that we leave them with very fragile egos. The more \"hard man\" the man feels compelled to be, the weaker his ego is. And then we do a much greater disservice to girls because we raise them to cater to the fragile egos of men. We teach girls to shrink themselves, to make themselves smaller, we say to girls, \"You can have ambition, but not too much.\" : (Laughter) : \"You should aim to be successful, but not too successful, otherwise you would threaten the man.\" If you are the breadwinner in your relationship with a man, you have to pretend that you're not, especially in public, otherwise you will emasculate him. : But what if we question the premise itself? Why should a woman's success be a threat to a man? What if we decide to simply dispose of that word, and I don't think there's an English word I dislike more than \"emasculation.\" A Nigerian acquaintance once asked me if I was worried that men would be intimidated by me. I was not worried at all. In fact, it had not occurred to me to be worried because a man who would be intimidated by me is exactly the kind of man I would have no interest in. : (Laughter) : (Applause) : But still I was really struck by this. Because I'm female, I'm expected to aspire to marriage; I'm expected to make my life choices always keeping in mind that marriage is the most important. A marriage can be a good thing; it can be a source of joy and love and mutual support. But why do we teach girls to aspire to marriage and we don't teach boys the same? : I know a woman who decided to sell her house because she didn't want to intimidate a man who might marry her. I know an unmarried woman in Nigeria who, when she goes to conferences, wears a wedding ring because according to her, she wants the other participants in the conference to \"give her respect.\" I know young women who are under so much pressure from family, from friends, even from work to get married, and they're pushed to make terrible choices. A woman at a certain age who is unmarried, our society teaches her to see it as a deep, personal failure. And a man at a certain age who is unmarried, we just think he hasn't come around to making his pick. : (Laughter) : It's easy for us to say, \"Oh, but women can just say no to all of this.\" But the reality is more difficult and more complex. We're all social beings. We internalize ideas from our socialization. Even the language we use in talking about marriage and relationships illustrates this. The language of marriage is often the language of ownership rather than the language of partnership. We use the word \"respect\" to mean something a woman shows a man but often not something a man shows a woman. : Both men and women in Nigeria will say this is an expression I'm very amused by \"I did it for peace in my marriage.\" Now, when men say it, it is usually about something that they should not be doing anyway. : (Laughter) : Sometimes they say it to their friends, it's something to say to their friends in a kind of fondly exasperated way, you know, something that ultimately proves how masculine they are, how needed, how loved. \"Oh, my wife said I can't go to the club every night, so for peace in my marriage, I do it only on weekends.\" : (Laughter) : Now, when a woman says, \"I did it for peace in my marriage,\" she's usually talking about giving up a job, a dream, a career. We teach females that in relationships, compromise is what women do. We raise girls to see each other as competitors not for jobs or for accomplishments, which I think can be a good thing, but for attention of men. We teach girls that they cannot be sexual beings in the way that boys are. If we have sons, we don't mind knowing about our sons' girlfriends. But our daughters' boyfriends? God forbid. : (Laughter) : But of course when the time is right, we expect those girls to bring back the perfect man to be their husbands. We police girls, we praise girls for virginity, but we don't praise boys for virginity, and it's always made me wonder how exactly this is supposed to work out because ... : (Laughter) : (Applause) : I mean, the loss of virginity is usually a process that involves ... : Recently a young woman was gang raped in a university in Nigeria, I think some of us know about that. And the response of many young Nigerians, both male and female, was something along the lines of this: \"Yes, rape is wrong. But what is a girl doing in a room with four boys?\" Now, if we can forget the horrible inhumanity of that response, these Nigerians have been raised to think of women as inherently guilty, and they have been raised to expect so little of men that the idea of men as savage beings without any control is somehow acceptable. We teach girls shame. \"Close your legs.\" \"Cover yourself.\" We make them feel as though by being born female they're already guilty of something. And so, girls grow up to be women who cannot see they have desire. They grow up to be women who silence themselves. They grow up to be women who cannot say what they truly think, and they grow up and this is the worst thing we did to girls they grow up to be women who have turned pretense into an art form. : (Applause) : I know a woman who hates domestic work, she just hates it, but she pretends that she likes it, because she's been taught that to be \"good wife material\" she has to be to use that Nigerian word very \"homely.\" And then she got married, and after a while her husband's family began to complain that she had changed. : (Laughter) : Actually, she had not changed, she just got tired of pretending. : The problem with gender, is that it prescribes how we should be rather than recognizing how we are. : Now imagine how much happier we would be, how much freer to be our true individual selves, if we didn't have the weight of gender expectations. Boys and girls are undeniably different biologically, but socialization exaggerates the differences and then it becomes a self fulfilling process. Now, take cooking for example. Today women in general are more likely to do the housework than men, the cooking and cleaning. But why is that? Is it because women are born with a cooking gene? : (Laughter) : Or because over years they have been socialized to see cooking as their role? Actually, I was going to say that maybe women are born with a cooking gene, until I remember that the majority of the famous cooks in the world, whom we give the fancy title of \"chefs,\" are men. : I used to look up to my grandmother who was a brilliant, brilliant woman, and wonder how she would have been if she had the same opportunities as men when she was growing up. : Now today, there are many more opportunities for women than there were during my grandmother's time because of changes in policy, changes in law, all of which are very important. But what matters even more is our attitude, our mindset, what we believe and what we value about gender. What if in raising children we focus on ability instead of gender? What if in raising children we focus on interest instead of gender? : I know a family who have a son and a daughter, both of whom are brilliant at school, who are wonderful, lovely children. When the boy is hungry, the parents say to the girl, \"Go and cook Indomie noodles for your brother.\" : (Laughter) : Now, the daughter doesn't particularly like to cook Indomie noodles, but she's a girl, and so she has to. Now, what if the parents, from the beginning, taught both the boy and the girl to cook Indomie? Cooking, by the way, is a very useful skill for boys to have. I've never thought it made sense to leave such a crucial thing, the ability to nourish oneself : (Laughter) : in the hands of others. : (Applause) : I know a woman who has the same degree and the same job as her husband. When they get back from work, she does most of the housework, which I think is true for many marriages. But what struck me about them was that whenever her husband changed the baby's diaper, she said \"thank you\" to him. Now, what if she saw this as perfectly normal and natural that he should, in fact, care for his child? : (Laughter) : I'm trying to unlearn many of the lessons of gender that I internalized when I was growing up. But I sometimes still feel very vulnerable in the face of gender expectations. The first time I taught a writing class in graduate school, I was worried. I wasn't worried about the material I would teach because I was well prepared, and I was going to teach what I enjoy teaching. Instead, I was worried about what to wear. I wanted to be taken seriously. I knew that because I was female I will automatically have to prove my worth. And I was worried that if I looked too feminine, I would not be taken seriously. I really wanted to wear my shiny lip gloss and my girly skirt, but I decided not to. Instead, I wore a very serious, very manly and very ugly suit. : (Laughter) : Because the sad truth is that when it comes to appearance we start off with men as the standard, as the norm. If a man is getting ready for a business meeting, he doesn't worry about looking too masculine and therefore not being taken for granted. If a woman has to get ready for business meeting, she has to worry about looking too feminine and what it says and whether or not she will be taken seriously. : I wish I had not worn that ugly suit that day. I've actually banished it from my closet, by the way. Had I then the confidence that I have now to be myself, my students would have benefited even more from my teaching, because I would have been more comfortable and more fully and more truly myself. I have chosen to no longer be apologetic for my femaleness and for my femininity. : (Applause) : And I want to be respected in all of my femaleness because I deserve to be. Gender is not an easy conversation to have. For both men and women, to bring up gender is sometimes to encounter almost immediate resistance. I can imagine some people here are actually thinking, \"Women too do sef.\" Some of the men here might be thinking, \"OK, all of this is interesting, but I don't think like that.\" And that is part of the problem. : That many men do not actively think about gender or notice gender is part of the problem of gender. That many men, say, like my friend Louis, that everything is fine now. And that many men do nothing to change it. If you are a man and you walk into a restaurant with a woman and the waiter greets only you, does it occur to you to ask the waiter, \"Why haven't you greeted her?\" Because gender can be : (Laughter) : Actually, we may repose part of a longer version of this talk. So, because gender can be a very uncomfortable conversation to have, there are very easy ways to close it, to close the conversation. So some people will bring up evolutionary biology and apes, how, you know, female apes bow down to male apes and that sort of thing. But the point is we're not apes. : (Laughter) : (Applause) : Apes also live on trees and have earthworms for breakfast, and we don't. Some people will say, \"Well, poor men also have a hard time.\" And this is true. But that is not what this : (Laughter) : But this is not what this conversation is about. Gender and class are different forms of oppression. I actually learned quite a bit about systems of oppression and how they can be blind to one another by talking to black men. : I was once talking to a black man about gender and he said to me, \"Why do you have to say 'my experience as a woman'? Why can't it be 'your experience as a human being'?\" Now, this was the same man who would often talk about his experience as a black man. : Gender matters. Men and women experience the world differently. Gender colors the way we experience the world. But we can change that. : Some people will say, \"Oh, but women have the real power, bottom power.\" And for non Nigerians, bottom power is an expression which I suppose means something like a woman who uses her sexuality to get favors from men. But bottom power is not power at all. Bottom power means that a woman simply has a good root to tap into, from time to time somebody else's power. And then, of course, we have to wonder what happens when that somebody else is in a bad mood, or sick or impotent. : (Laughter) : Some people will say that a woman being subordinate to a man is our culture. But culture is constantly changing. I have beautiful twin nieces who are fifteen and live in Lagos. If they had been born a hundred years ago they would have been taken away and killed. Because it was our culture, it was our culture to kill twins. : So what is the point of culture? I mean there's the decorative, the dancing ... but also, culture really is about preservation and continuity of a people. In my family, I am the child who is most interested in the story of who we are, in our traditions, in the knowledge about ancestral lands. My brothers are not as interested as I am. But I cannot participate, I cannot go to umunna meetings, I cannot have a say. Because I'm female. Culture does not make people, people make culture. So if it is in fact true : (Applause) : So if it is in fact true that the full humanity of women is not our culture, then we must make it our culture. : I think very often of my dear friend, Okoloma Maduewesi. May he and all the others who passed away in that Sosoliso crash continue to rest in peace. He will always be remembered by those of us who loved him. And he was right that day many years ago when he called me a feminist. : I am a feminist. And when I looked up the word in the dictionary that day, this is what it said: \"Feminist: a person who believes in the social, political and economic equality of the sexes.\" My great grandmother, from the stories I've heard, was a feminist. She ran away from the house of the man she did not want to marry and ended up marrying the man of her choice. She refused, she protested, she spoke up whenever she felt she was being deprived of access, of land, that sort of thing. : My great grandmother did not know that word \"feminist,\" but it doesn't mean that she wasn't one. More of us should reclaim that word. My own definition of feminist is: \"A feminist is a man or a woman who says : (Laughter) : (Applause) : A feminist is a man or a woman who says, \"Yes, there's a problem with gender as it is today, and we must fix it. We must do better.\" The best feminist I know is my brother Kene. He's also a kind, good looking, lovely man, and he's very masculine. : Thank you. : (Applause) "fem4 <- gsub("[Ll]aughter|[Aa]pplause", "", fem3)
fem4 #Replace annotation with nothing## [1] "So I would like to start by telling you about one of my greatest friends, Okoloma Maduewesi. Okoloma lived on my street and looked after me like a big brother. If I liked a boy, I would ask Okoloma's opinion. Okoloma died in the notorious Sosoliso plane crash in Nigeria in December of . Almost exactly seven years ago. Okoloma was a person I could argue with, laugh with and truly talk to. He was also the first person to call me a feminist. : I was about fourteen, we were at his house, arguing. Both of us bristling with half bit knowledge from books that we had read. I don't remember what this particular argument was about, but I remember that as I argued and argued, Okoloma looked at me and said, \"You know, you're a feminist.\" It was not a compliment. : () : I could tell from his tone, the same tone that you would use to say something like, \"You're a supporter of terrorism.\" : () : I did not know exactly what this word \"feminist\" meant, and I did not want Okoloma to know that I did not know. So I brushed it aside, and I continued to argue. And the first thing I planned to do when I got home was to look up the word \"feminist\" in the dictionary. : Now fast forward to some years later, I wrote a novel about a man who among other things beats his wife and whose story doesn't end very well. While I was promoting the novel in Nigeria, a journalist, a nice, well meaning man, told me he wanted to advise me. And for the Nigerians here, I'm sure we're all familiar with how quick our people are to give unsolicited advice. He told me that people were saying that my novel was feminist and his advice to me and he was shaking his head sadly as he spoke was that I should never call myself a feminist because feminists are women who are unhappy because they cannot find husbands. : () : So I decided to call myself \"a happy feminist.\" Then an academic, a Nigerian woman told me that feminism was not our culture and that feminism wasn't African, and that I was calling myself a feminist because I had been corrupted by \"Western books.\" Which amused me, because a lot of my early readings were decidedly unfeminist. I think I must have read every single Mills Boon romance published before I was sixteen. And each time I tried to read those books called \"the feminist classics,\" I'd get bored, and I really struggled to finish them. But anyway, since feminism was un African, I decided that I would now call myself \"a happy African feminist.\" At some point I was a happy African feminist who does not hate men and who likes lip gloss and who wears high heels for herself but not for men. : () : Of course a lot of this was tongue in cheek, but that word feminist is so heavy with baggage, negative baggage. You hate men, you hate bras, you hate African culture, that sort of thing. : Now here's a story from my childhood. When I was in primary school, my teacher said at the beginning of term that she would give the class a test and whoever got the highest score would be the class monitor. Now, class monitor was a big deal. If you were a class monitor, you got to write down the names of noisemakers : () : which was having enough power of its own. But my teacher would also give you a cane to hold in your hand while you walk around and patrol the class for noisemakers. Now, of course you were not actually allowed to use the cane. But it was an exciting prospect for the nine year old me. I very much wanted to be the class monitor. And I got the highest score on the test. Then, to my surprise, my teacher said that the monitor had to be a boy. She had forgotten to make that clear earlier because she assumed it was ... obvious. : () : A boy had the second highest score on the test, and he would be monitor. Now, what was even more interesting about this is that the boy was a sweet, gentle soul who had no interest in patrolling the class with the cane, while I was full of ambition to do so. But I was female and he was male, and so he became the class monitor. And I've never forgotten that incident. : I often make the mistake of thinking that something that is obvious to me is just as obvious to everyone else. Now, take my dear friend Louis for example. Louis is a brilliant, progressive man, and we would have conversations and he would tell me, \"I don't know what you mean by things being different or harder for women. Maybe in the past, but not now.\" And I didn't understand how Louis could not see what seems so self evident. Then one evening, in Lagos, Louis and I went out with friends. And for people here who are not familiar with Lagos, there's that wonderful Lagos' fixture, the sprinkling of energetic men who hang around outside establishments and very dramatically \"help\" you park your car. I was impressed with the particular theatrics of the man who found us a parking spot that evening. And so as we were leaving, I decided to leave him a tip. I opened my bag, put my hand inside my bag, brought out my money that I had earned from doing my work, and I gave it to the man. And he, this man who was very grateful and very happy, took the money from me, looked across at Louis and said, \"Thank you, sir!\" : () : Louis looked at me, surprised, and asked, \"Why is he thanking me? I didn't give him the money.\" Then I saw realization dawn on Louis' face. The man believed that whatever money I had had ultimately come from Louis. Because Louis is a man. : Men and women are different. We have different hormones, we have different sexual organs, we have different biological abilities. Women can have babies, men can't. At least not yet. : () : Men have testosterone and are in general physically stronger than women. There's slightly more women than men in the world, about percent of the world's population is female. But most of the positions of power and prestige are occupied by men. The late Kenyan Nobel Peace laureate, Wangari Maathai, put it simply and well when she said: \"The higher you go, the fewer women there are.\" In the recent US elections we kept hearing of the Lilly Ledbetter law, and if we go beyond the nicely alliterative name of that law, it was really about a man and a woman doing the same job, being equally qualified, and the man being paid more because he's a man. : So in the literal way, men rule the world, and this made sense a thousand years ago because human beings lived then in a world in which physical strength was the most important attribute for survival. The physically stronger person was more likely to lead, and men, in general, are physically stronger. Of course there are many exceptions. : () : But today we live in a vastly different world. The person more likely to lead is not the physically stronger person; it is the more creative person, the more intelligent person, the more innovative person, and there are no hormones for those attributes. A man is as likely as a woman to be intelligent, to be creative, to be innovative. We have evolved; but it seems to me that our ideas of gender had not evolved. : Some weeks ago, I walked into a lobby of one of the best Nigerian hotels. I thought about naming the hotel, but I thought I probably shouldn't. And a guard at the entrance stopped me and asked me annoying questions, because their automatic assumption is that a Nigerian female walking into a hotel alone is a sex worker. And by the way, why do these hotels focus on the ostensible supply rather than the demand for sex workers? In Lagos I cannot go alone into many \"reputable\" bars and clubs. They just don't let you in if you're a woman alone, you have to be accompanied by a man. Each time I walk into a Nigerian restaurant with a man, the waiter greets the man and ignores me. The waiters are products : () : At this some women felt like, \"Yes! I thought that!\" The waiters are products of a society that has taught them that men are more important than women. And I know that waiters don't intend any harm. But it's one thing to know intellectually and quite another to feel it emotionally. Each time they ignore me, I feel invisible. I feel upset. I want to tell them that I am just as human as the man, that I'm just as worthy of acknowledgment. These are little things, but sometimes it's the little things that sting the most. : And not long ago, I wrote an article about what it means to be young and female in Lagos, and the printers told me, \"It was so angry.\" Of course it was angry! : () : I am angry. Gender as it functions today is a grave injustice. We should all be angry. Anger has a long history of bringing about positive change; but, in addition to being angry, I'm also hopeful. Because I believe deeply in the ability of human beings to make and remake themselves for the better. : Gender matters everywhere in the world, but I want to focus on Nigeria and on Africa in general, because it is where I know, and because it is where my heart is. And I would like today to ask that we begin to dream about and plan for a different world, a fairer world, a world of happier men and happier women who are truer to themselves. And this is how to start: we must raise our daughters differently. We must also raise our sons differently. We do a great disservice to boys on how we raise them; we stifle the humanity of boys. We define masculinity in a very narrow way, masculinity becomes this hard, small cage and we put boys inside the cage. We teach boys to be afraid of fear. We teach boys to be afraid of weakness, of vulnerability. We teach them to mask their true selves, because they have to be, in Nigerian speak, \"hard man!\" In secondary school, a boy and a girl, both of them teenagers, both of them with the same amount of pocket money, would go out and then the boy would be expected always to pay, to prove his masculinity. And yet we wonder why boys are more likely to steal money from their parents. : What if both boys and girls were raised not to link masculinity with money? What if the attitude was not \"the boy has to pay\" but rather \"whoever has more should pay?\" Now, of course because of that historical advantage, it is mostly men who will have more today, but if we start raising children differently, then in fifty years, in a hundred years, boys will no longer have the pressure of having to prove this masculinity. But by far the worst thing we do to males, by making them feel that they have to be hard, is that we leave them with very fragile egos. The more \"hard man\" the man feels compelled to be, the weaker his ego is. And then we do a much greater disservice to girls because we raise them to cater to the fragile egos of men. We teach girls to shrink themselves, to make themselves smaller, we say to girls, \"You can have ambition, but not too much.\" : () : \"You should aim to be successful, but not too successful, otherwise you would threaten the man.\" If you are the breadwinner in your relationship with a man, you have to pretend that you're not, especially in public, otherwise you will emasculate him. : But what if we question the premise itself? Why should a woman's success be a threat to a man? What if we decide to simply dispose of that word, and I don't think there's an English word I dislike more than \"emasculation.\" A Nigerian acquaintance once asked me if I was worried that men would be intimidated by me. I was not worried at all. In fact, it had not occurred to me to be worried because a man who would be intimidated by me is exactly the kind of man I would have no interest in. : () : () : But still I was really struck by this. Because I'm female, I'm expected to aspire to marriage; I'm expected to make my life choices always keeping in mind that marriage is the most important. A marriage can be a good thing; it can be a source of joy and love and mutual support. But why do we teach girls to aspire to marriage and we don't teach boys the same? : I know a woman who decided to sell her house because she didn't want to intimidate a man who might marry her. I know an unmarried woman in Nigeria who, when she goes to conferences, wears a wedding ring because according to her, she wants the other participants in the conference to \"give her respect.\" I know young women who are under so much pressure from family, from friends, even from work to get married, and they're pushed to make terrible choices. A woman at a certain age who is unmarried, our society teaches her to see it as a deep, personal failure. And a man at a certain age who is unmarried, we just think he hasn't come around to making his pick. : () : It's easy for us to say, \"Oh, but women can just say no to all of this.\" But the reality is more difficult and more complex. We're all social beings. We internalize ideas from our socialization. Even the language we use in talking about marriage and relationships illustrates this. The language of marriage is often the language of ownership rather than the language of partnership. We use the word \"respect\" to mean something a woman shows a man but often not something a man shows a woman. : Both men and women in Nigeria will say this is an expression I'm very amused by \"I did it for peace in my marriage.\" Now, when men say it, it is usually about something that they should not be doing anyway. : () : Sometimes they say it to their friends, it's something to say to their friends in a kind of fondly exasperated way, you know, something that ultimately proves how masculine they are, how needed, how loved. \"Oh, my wife said I can't go to the club every night, so for peace in my marriage, I do it only on weekends.\" : () : Now, when a woman says, \"I did it for peace in my marriage,\" she's usually talking about giving up a job, a dream, a career. We teach females that in relationships, compromise is what women do. We raise girls to see each other as competitors not for jobs or for accomplishments, which I think can be a good thing, but for attention of men. We teach girls that they cannot be sexual beings in the way that boys are. If we have sons, we don't mind knowing about our sons' girlfriends. But our daughters' boyfriends? God forbid. : () : But of course when the time is right, we expect those girls to bring back the perfect man to be their husbands. We police girls, we praise girls for virginity, but we don't praise boys for virginity, and it's always made me wonder how exactly this is supposed to work out because ... : () : () : I mean, the loss of virginity is usually a process that involves ... : Recently a young woman was gang raped in a university in Nigeria, I think some of us know about that. And the response of many young Nigerians, both male and female, was something along the lines of this: \"Yes, rape is wrong. But what is a girl doing in a room with four boys?\" Now, if we can forget the horrible inhumanity of that response, these Nigerians have been raised to think of women as inherently guilty, and they have been raised to expect so little of men that the idea of men as savage beings without any control is somehow acceptable. We teach girls shame. \"Close your legs.\" \"Cover yourself.\" We make them feel as though by being born female they're already guilty of something. And so, girls grow up to be women who cannot see they have desire. They grow up to be women who silence themselves. They grow up to be women who cannot say what they truly think, and they grow up and this is the worst thing we did to girls they grow up to be women who have turned pretense into an art form. : () : I know a woman who hates domestic work, she just hates it, but she pretends that she likes it, because she's been taught that to be \"good wife material\" she has to be to use that Nigerian word very \"homely.\" And then she got married, and after a while her husband's family began to complain that she had changed. : () : Actually, she had not changed, she just got tired of pretending. : The problem with gender, is that it prescribes how we should be rather than recognizing how we are. : Now imagine how much happier we would be, how much freer to be our true individual selves, if we didn't have the weight of gender expectations. Boys and girls are undeniably different biologically, but socialization exaggerates the differences and then it becomes a self fulfilling process. Now, take cooking for example. Today women in general are more likely to do the housework than men, the cooking and cleaning. But why is that? Is it because women are born with a cooking gene? : () : Or because over years they have been socialized to see cooking as their role? Actually, I was going to say that maybe women are born with a cooking gene, until I remember that the majority of the famous cooks in the world, whom we give the fancy title of \"chefs,\" are men. : I used to look up to my grandmother who was a brilliant, brilliant woman, and wonder how she would have been if she had the same opportunities as men when she was growing up. : Now today, there are many more opportunities for women than there were during my grandmother's time because of changes in policy, changes in law, all of which are very important. But what matters even more is our attitude, our mindset, what we believe and what we value about gender. What if in raising children we focus on ability instead of gender? What if in raising children we focus on interest instead of gender? : I know a family who have a son and a daughter, both of whom are brilliant at school, who are wonderful, lovely children. When the boy is hungry, the parents say to the girl, \"Go and cook Indomie noodles for your brother.\" : () : Now, the daughter doesn't particularly like to cook Indomie noodles, but she's a girl, and so she has to. Now, what if the parents, from the beginning, taught both the boy and the girl to cook Indomie? Cooking, by the way, is a very useful skill for boys to have. I've never thought it made sense to leave such a crucial thing, the ability to nourish oneself : () : in the hands of others. : () : I know a woman who has the same degree and the same job as her husband. When they get back from work, she does most of the housework, which I think is true for many marriages. But what struck me about them was that whenever her husband changed the baby's diaper, she said \"thank you\" to him. Now, what if she saw this as perfectly normal and natural that he should, in fact, care for his child? : () : I'm trying to unlearn many of the lessons of gender that I internalized when I was growing up. But I sometimes still feel very vulnerable in the face of gender expectations. The first time I taught a writing class in graduate school, I was worried. I wasn't worried about the material I would teach because I was well prepared, and I was going to teach what I enjoy teaching. Instead, I was worried about what to wear. I wanted to be taken seriously. I knew that because I was female I will automatically have to prove my worth. And I was worried that if I looked too feminine, I would not be taken seriously. I really wanted to wear my shiny lip gloss and my girly skirt, but I decided not to. Instead, I wore a very serious, very manly and very ugly suit. : () : Because the sad truth is that when it comes to appearance we start off with men as the standard, as the norm. If a man is getting ready for a business meeting, he doesn't worry about looking too masculine and therefore not being taken for granted. If a woman has to get ready for business meeting, she has to worry about looking too feminine and what it says and whether or not she will be taken seriously. : I wish I had not worn that ugly suit that day. I've actually banished it from my closet, by the way. Had I then the confidence that I have now to be myself, my students would have benefited even more from my teaching, because I would have been more comfortable and more fully and more truly myself. I have chosen to no longer be apologetic for my femaleness and for my femininity. : () : And I want to be respected in all of my femaleness because I deserve to be. Gender is not an easy conversation to have. For both men and women, to bring up gender is sometimes to encounter almost immediate resistance. I can imagine some people here are actually thinking, \"Women too do sef.\" Some of the men here might be thinking, \"OK, all of this is interesting, but I don't think like that.\" And that is part of the problem. : That many men do not actively think about gender or notice gender is part of the problem of gender. That many men, say, like my friend Louis, that everything is fine now. And that many men do nothing to change it. If you are a man and you walk into a restaurant with a woman and the waiter greets only you, does it occur to you to ask the waiter, \"Why haven't you greeted her?\" Because gender can be : () : Actually, we may repose part of a longer version of this talk. So, because gender can be a very uncomfortable conversation to have, there are very easy ways to close it, to close the conversation. So some people will bring up evolutionary biology and apes, how, you know, female apes bow down to male apes and that sort of thing. But the point is we're not apes. : () : () : Apes also live on trees and have earthworms for breakfast, and we don't. Some people will say, \"Well, poor men also have a hard time.\" And this is true. But that is not what this : () : But this is not what this conversation is about. Gender and class are different forms of oppression. I actually learned quite a bit about systems of oppression and how they can be blind to one another by talking to black men. : I was once talking to a black man about gender and he said to me, \"Why do you have to say 'my experience as a woman'? Why can't it be 'your experience as a human being'?\" Now, this was the same man who would often talk about his experience as a black man. : Gender matters. Men and women experience the world differently. Gender colors the way we experience the world. But we can change that. : Some people will say, \"Oh, but women have the real power, bottom power.\" And for non Nigerians, bottom power is an expression which I suppose means something like a woman who uses her sexuality to get favors from men. But bottom power is not power at all. Bottom power means that a woman simply has a good root to tap into, from time to time somebody else's power. And then, of course, we have to wonder what happens when that somebody else is in a bad mood, or sick or impotent. : () : Some people will say that a woman being subordinate to a man is our culture. But culture is constantly changing. I have beautiful twin nieces who are fifteen and live in Lagos. If they had been born a hundred years ago they would have been taken away and killed. Because it was our culture, it was our culture to kill twins. : So what is the point of culture? I mean there's the decorative, the dancing ... but also, culture really is about preservation and continuity of a people. In my family, I am the child who is most interested in the story of who we are, in our traditions, in the knowledge about ancestral lands. My brothers are not as interested as I am. But I cannot participate, I cannot go to umunna meetings, I cannot have a say. Because I'm female. Culture does not make people, people make culture. So if it is in fact true : () : So if it is in fact true that the full humanity of women is not our culture, then we must make it our culture. : I think very often of my dear friend, Okoloma Maduewesi. May he and all the others who passed away in that Sosoliso crash continue to rest in peace. He will always be remembered by those of us who loved him. And he was right that day many years ago when he called me a feminist. : I am a feminist. And when I looked up the word in the dictionary that day, this is what it said: \"Feminist: a person who believes in the social, political and economic equality of the sexes.\" My great grandmother, from the stories I've heard, was a feminist. She ran away from the house of the man she did not want to marry and ended up marrying the man of her choice. She refused, she protested, she spoke up whenever she felt she was being deprived of access, of land, that sort of thing. : My great grandmother did not know that word \"feminist,\" but it doesn't mean that she wasn't one. More of us should reclaim that word. My own definition of feminist is: \"A feminist is a man or a woman who says : () : () : A feminist is a man or a woman who says, \"Yes, there's a problem with gender as it is today, and we must fix it. We must do better.\" The best feminist I know is my brother Kene. He's also a kind, good looking, lovely man, and he's very masculine. : Thank you. : () "Removing Punctuation and Fixing Contractions
We have to be careful about the order of fixing contractions (e.g., “you’re” to “you are”) since we need to correct those before we remove punctuation.
# fem7 <- gsub('[[:punct:] ]+',' ', fem6); fem7 # Strip out punctuation - But
# this is too all-encompassing since we need to keep intra-word contractions.
fem5 <- removePunctuation(fem4, preserve_intra_word_contractions = T)
fem5 # Remove punctuation, but preserve intra-word contractions. This keeps both possessives and contractions. We will fix this below.## [1] "So I would like to start by telling you about one of my greatest friends Okoloma Maduewesi Okoloma lived on my street and looked after me like a big brother If I liked a boy I would ask Okoloma's opinion Okoloma died in the notorious Sosoliso plane crash in Nigeria in December of Almost exactly seven years ago Okoloma was a person I could argue with laugh with and truly talk to He was also the first person to call me a feminist I was about fourteen we were at his house arguing Both of us bristling with half bit knowledge from books that we had read I don't remember what this particular argument was about but I remember that as I argued and argued Okoloma looked at me and said You know you're a feminist It was not a compliment I could tell from his tone the same tone that you would use to say something like You're a supporter of terrorism I did not know exactly what this word feminist meant and I did not want Okoloma to know that I did not know So I brushed it aside and I continued to argue And the first thing I planned to do when I got home was to look up the word feminist in the dictionary Now fast forward to some years later I wrote a novel about a man who among other things beats his wife and whose story doesn't end very well While I was promoting the novel in Nigeria a journalist a nice well meaning man told me he wanted to advise me And for the Nigerians here I'm sure we're all familiar with how quick our people are to give unsolicited advice He told me that people were saying that my novel was feminist and his advice to me and he was shaking his head sadly as he spoke was that I should never call myself a feminist because feminists are women who are unhappy because they cannot find husbands So I decided to call myself a happy feminist Then an academic a Nigerian woman told me that feminism was not our culture and that feminism wasn't African and that I was calling myself a feminist because I had been corrupted by Western books Which amused me because a lot of my early readings were decidedly unfeminist I think I must have read every single Mills Boon romance published before I was sixteen And each time I tried to read those books called the feminist classics I'd get bored and I really struggled to finish them But anyway since feminism was un African I decided that I would now call myself a happy African feminist At some point I was a happy African feminist who does not hate men and who likes lip gloss and who wears high heels for herself but not for men Of course a lot of this was tongue in cheek but that word feminist is so heavy with baggage negative baggage You hate men you hate bras you hate African culture that sort of thing Now here's a story from my childhood When I was in primary school my teacher said at the beginning of term that she would give the class a test and whoever got the highest score would be the class monitor Now class monitor was a big deal If you were a class monitor you got to write down the names of noisemakers which was having enough power of its own But my teacher would also give you a cane to hold in your hand while you walk around and patrol the class for noisemakers Now of course you were not actually allowed to use the cane But it was an exciting prospect for the nine year old me I very much wanted to be the class monitor And I got the highest score on the test Then to my surprise my teacher said that the monitor had to be a boy She had forgotten to make that clear earlier because she assumed it was obvious A boy had the second highest score on the test and he would be monitor Now what was even more interesting about this is that the boy was a sweet gentle soul who had no interest in patrolling the class with the cane while I was full of ambition to do so But I was female and he was male and so he became the class monitor And I've never forgotten that incident I often make the mistake of thinking that something that is obvious to me is just as obvious to everyone else Now take my dear friend Louis for example Louis is a brilliant progressive man and we would have conversations and he would tell me I don't know what you mean by things being different or harder for women Maybe in the past but not now And I didn't understand how Louis could not see what seems so self evident Then one evening in Lagos Louis and I went out with friends And for people here who are not familiar with Lagos there's that wonderful Lagos fixture the sprinkling of energetic men who hang around outside establishments and very dramatically help you park your car I was impressed with the particular theatrics of the man who found us a parking spot that evening And so as we were leaving I decided to leave him a tip I opened my bag put my hand inside my bag brought out my money that I had earned from doing my work and I gave it to the man And he this man who was very grateful and very happy took the money from me looked across at Louis and said Thank you sir Louis looked at me surprised and asked Why is he thanking me I didn't give him the money Then I saw realization dawn on Louis face The man believed that whatever money I had had ultimately come from Louis Because Louis is a man Men and women are different We have different hormones we have different sexual organs we have different biological abilities Women can have babies men can't At least not yet Men have testosterone and are in general physically stronger than women There's slightly more women than men in the world about percent of the world's population is female But most of the positions of power and prestige are occupied by men The late Kenyan Nobel Peace laureate Wangari Maathai put it simply and well when she said The higher you go the fewer women there are In the recent US elections we kept hearing of the Lilly Ledbetter law and if we go beyond the nicely alliterative name of that law it was really about a man and a woman doing the same job being equally qualified and the man being paid more because he's a man So in the literal way men rule the world and this made sense a thousand years ago because human beings lived then in a world in which physical strength was the most important attribute for survival The physically stronger person was more likely to lead and men in general are physically stronger Of course there are many exceptions But today we live in a vastly different world The person more likely to lead is not the physically stronger person it is the more creative person the more intelligent person the more innovative person and there are no hormones for those attributes A man is as likely as a woman to be intelligent to be creative to be innovative We have evolved but it seems to me that our ideas of gender had not evolved Some weeks ago I walked into a lobby of one of the best Nigerian hotels I thought about naming the hotel but I thought I probably shouldn't And a guard at the entrance stopped me and asked me annoying questions because their automatic assumption is that a Nigerian female walking into a hotel alone is a sex worker And by the way why do these hotels focus on the ostensible supply rather than the demand for sex workers In Lagos I cannot go alone into many reputable bars and clubs They just don't let you in if you're a woman alone you have to be accompanied by a man Each time I walk into a Nigerian restaurant with a man the waiter greets the man and ignores me The waiters are products At this some women felt like Yes I thought that The waiters are products of a society that has taught them that men are more important than women And I know that waiters don't intend any harm But it's one thing to know intellectually and quite another to feel it emotionally Each time they ignore me I feel invisible I feel upset I want to tell them that I am just as human as the man that I'm just as worthy of acknowledgment These are little things but sometimes it's the little things that sting the most And not long ago I wrote an article about what it means to be young and female in Lagos and the printers told me It was so angry Of course it was angry I am angry Gender as it functions today is a grave injustice We should all be angry Anger has a long history of bringing about positive change but in addition to being angry I'm also hopeful Because I believe deeply in the ability of human beings to make and remake themselves for the better Gender matters everywhere in the world but I want to focus on Nigeria and on Africa in general because it is where I know and because it is where my heart is And I would like today to ask that we begin to dream about and plan for a different world a fairer world a world of happier men and happier women who are truer to themselves And this is how to start we must raise our daughters differently We must also raise our sons differently We do a great disservice to boys on how we raise them we stifle the humanity of boys We define masculinity in a very narrow way masculinity becomes this hard small cage and we put boys inside the cage We teach boys to be afraid of fear We teach boys to be afraid of weakness of vulnerability We teach them to mask their true selves because they have to be in Nigerian speak hard man In secondary school a boy and a girl both of them teenagers both of them with the same amount of pocket money would go out and then the boy would be expected always to pay to prove his masculinity And yet we wonder why boys are more likely to steal money from their parents What if both boys and girls were raised not to link masculinity with money What if the attitude was not the boy has to pay but rather whoever has more should pay Now of course because of that historical advantage it is mostly men who will have more today but if we start raising children differently then in fifty years in a hundred years boys will no longer have the pressure of having to prove this masculinity But by far the worst thing we do to males by making them feel that they have to be hard is that we leave them with very fragile egos The more hard man the man feels compelled to be the weaker his ego is And then we do a much greater disservice to girls because we raise them to cater to the fragile egos of men We teach girls to shrink themselves to make themselves smaller we say to girls You can have ambition but not too much You should aim to be successful but not too successful otherwise you would threaten the man If you are the breadwinner in your relationship with a man you have to pretend that you're not especially in public otherwise you will emasculate him But what if we question the premise itself Why should a woman's success be a threat to a man What if we decide to simply dispose of that word and I don't think there's an English word I dislike more than emasculation A Nigerian acquaintance once asked me if I was worried that men would be intimidated by me I was not worried at all In fact it had not occurred to me to be worried because a man who would be intimidated by me is exactly the kind of man I would have no interest in But still I was really struck by this Because I'm female I'm expected to aspire to marriage I'm expected to make my life choices always keeping in mind that marriage is the most important A marriage can be a good thing it can be a source of joy and love and mutual support But why do we teach girls to aspire to marriage and we don't teach boys the same I know a woman who decided to sell her house because she didn't want to intimidate a man who might marry her I know an unmarried woman in Nigeria who when she goes to conferences wears a wedding ring because according to her she wants the other participants in the conference to give her respect I know young women who are under so much pressure from family from friends even from work to get married and they're pushed to make terrible choices A woman at a certain age who is unmarried our society teaches her to see it as a deep personal failure And a man at a certain age who is unmarried we just think he hasn't come around to making his pick It's easy for us to say Oh but women can just say no to all of this But the reality is more difficult and more complex We're all social beings We internalize ideas from our socialization Even the language we use in talking about marriage and relationships illustrates this The language of marriage is often the language of ownership rather than the language of partnership We use the word respect to mean something a woman shows a man but often not something a man shows a woman Both men and women in Nigeria will say this is an expression I'm very amused by I did it for peace in my marriage Now when men say it it is usually about something that they should not be doing anyway Sometimes they say it to their friends it's something to say to their friends in a kind of fondly exasperated way you know something that ultimately proves how masculine they are how needed how loved Oh my wife said I can't go to the club every night so for peace in my marriage I do it only on weekends Now when a woman says I did it for peace in my marriage she's usually talking about giving up a job a dream a career We teach females that in relationships compromise is what women do We raise girls to see each other as competitors not for jobs or for accomplishments which I think can be a good thing but for attention of men We teach girls that they cannot be sexual beings in the way that boys are If we have sons we don't mind knowing about our sons girlfriends But our daughters boyfriends God forbid But of course when the time is right we expect those girls to bring back the perfect man to be their husbands We police girls we praise girls for virginity but we don't praise boys for virginity and it's always made me wonder how exactly this is supposed to work out because I mean the loss of virginity is usually a process that involves Recently a young woman was gang raped in a university in Nigeria I think some of us know about that And the response of many young Nigerians both male and female was something along the lines of this Yes rape is wrong But what is a girl doing in a room with four boys Now if we can forget the horrible inhumanity of that response these Nigerians have been raised to think of women as inherently guilty and they have been raised to expect so little of men that the idea of men as savage beings without any control is somehow acceptable We teach girls shame Close your legs Cover yourself We make them feel as though by being born female they're already guilty of something And so girls grow up to be women who cannot see they have desire They grow up to be women who silence themselves They grow up to be women who cannot say what they truly think and they grow up and this is the worst thing we did to girls they grow up to be women who have turned pretense into an art form I know a woman who hates domestic work she just hates it but she pretends that she likes it because she's been taught that to be good wife material she has to be to use that Nigerian word very homely And then she got married and after a while her husband's family began to complain that she had changed Actually she had not changed she just got tired of pretending The problem with gender is that it prescribes how we should be rather than recognizing how we are Now imagine how much happier we would be how much freer to be our true individual selves if we didn't have the weight of gender expectations Boys and girls are undeniably different biologically but socialization exaggerates the differences and then it becomes a self fulfilling process Now take cooking for example Today women in general are more likely to do the housework than men the cooking and cleaning But why is that Is it because women are born with a cooking gene Or because over years they have been socialized to see cooking as their role Actually I was going to say that maybe women are born with a cooking gene until I remember that the majority of the famous cooks in the world whom we give the fancy title of chefs are men I used to look up to my grandmother who was a brilliant brilliant woman and wonder how she would have been if she had the same opportunities as men when she was growing up Now today there are many more opportunities for women than there were during my grandmother's time because of changes in policy changes in law all of which are very important But what matters even more is our attitude our mindset what we believe and what we value about gender What if in raising children we focus on ability instead of gender What if in raising children we focus on interest instead of gender I know a family who have a son and a daughter both of whom are brilliant at school who are wonderful lovely children When the boy is hungry the parents say to the girl Go and cook Indomie noodles for your brother Now the daughter doesn't particularly like to cook Indomie noodles but she's a girl and so she has to Now what if the parents from the beginning taught both the boy and the girl to cook Indomie Cooking by the way is a very useful skill for boys to have I've never thought it made sense to leave such a crucial thing the ability to nourish oneself in the hands of others I know a woman who has the same degree and the same job as her husband When they get back from work she does most of the housework which I think is true for many marriages But what struck me about them was that whenever her husband changed the baby's diaper she said thank you to him Now what if she saw this as perfectly normal and natural that he should in fact care for his child I'm trying to unlearn many of the lessons of gender that I internalized when I was growing up But I sometimes still feel very vulnerable in the face of gender expectations The first time I taught a writing class in graduate school I was worried I wasn't worried about the material I would teach because I was well prepared and I was going to teach what I enjoy teaching Instead I was worried about what to wear I wanted to be taken seriously I knew that because I was female I will automatically have to prove my worth And I was worried that if I looked too feminine I would not be taken seriously I really wanted to wear my shiny lip gloss and my girly skirt but I decided not to Instead I wore a very serious very manly and very ugly suit Because the sad truth is that when it comes to appearance we start off with men as the standard as the norm If a man is getting ready for a business meeting he doesn't worry about looking too masculine and therefore not being taken for granted If a woman has to get ready for business meeting she has to worry about looking too feminine and what it says and whether or not she will be taken seriously I wish I had not worn that ugly suit that day I've actually banished it from my closet by the way Had I then the confidence that I have now to be myself my students would have benefited even more from my teaching because I would have been more comfortable and more fully and more truly myself I have chosen to no longer be apologetic for my femaleness and for my femininity And I want to be respected in all of my femaleness because I deserve to be Gender is not an easy conversation to have For both men and women to bring up gender is sometimes to encounter almost immediate resistance I can imagine some people here are actually thinking Women too do sef Some of the men here might be thinking OK all of this is interesting but I don't think like that And that is part of the problem That many men do not actively think about gender or notice gender is part of the problem of gender That many men say like my friend Louis that everything is fine now And that many men do nothing to change it If you are a man and you walk into a restaurant with a woman and the waiter greets only you does it occur to you to ask the waiter Why haven't you greeted her Because gender can be Actually we may repose part of a longer version of this talk So because gender can be a very uncomfortable conversation to have there are very easy ways to close it to close the conversation So some people will bring up evolutionary biology and apes how you know female apes bow down to male apes and that sort of thing But the point is we're not apes Apes also live on trees and have earthworms for breakfast and we don't Some people will say Well poor men also have a hard time And this is true But that is not what this But this is not what this conversation is about Gender and class are different forms of oppression I actually learned quite a bit about systems of oppression and how they can be blind to one another by talking to black men I was once talking to a black man about gender and he said to me Why do you have to say my experience as a woman Why can't it be your experience as a human being Now this was the same man who would often talk about his experience as a black man Gender matters Men and women experience the world differently Gender colors the way we experience the world But we can change that Some people will say Oh but women have the real power bottom power And for non Nigerians bottom power is an expression which I suppose means something like a woman who uses her sexuality to get favors from men But bottom power is not power at all Bottom power means that a woman simply has a good root to tap into from time to time somebody else's power And then of course we have to wonder what happens when that somebody else is in a bad mood or sick or impotent Some people will say that a woman being subordinate to a man is our culture But culture is constantly changing I have beautiful twin nieces who are fifteen and live in Lagos If they had been born a hundred years ago they would have been taken away and killed Because it was our culture it was our culture to kill twins So what is the point of culture I mean there's the decorative the dancing but also culture really is about preservation and continuity of a people In my family I am the child who is most interested in the story of who we are in our traditions in the knowledge about ancestral lands My brothers are not as interested as I am But I cannot participate I cannot go to umunna meetings I cannot have a say Because I'm female Culture does not make people people make culture So if it is in fact true So if it is in fact true that the full humanity of women is not our culture then we must make it our culture I think very often of my dear friend Okoloma Maduewesi May he and all the others who passed away in that Sosoliso crash continue to rest in peace He will always be remembered by those of us who loved him And he was right that day many years ago when he called me a feminist I am a feminist And when I looked up the word in the dictionary that day this is what it said Feminist a person who believes in the social political and economic equality of the sexes My great grandmother from the stories I've heard was a feminist She ran away from the house of the man she did not want to marry and ended up marrying the man of her choice She refused she protested she spoke up whenever she felt she was being deprived of access of land that sort of thing My great grandmother did not know that word feminist but it doesn't mean that she wasn't one More of us should reclaim that word My own definition of feminist is A feminist is a man or a woman who says A feminist is a man or a woman who says Yes there's a problem with gender as it is today and we must fix it We must do better The best feminist I know is my brother Kene He's also a kind good looking lovely man and he's very masculine Thank you "fem6 <- textclean::replace_contraction(fem5)
fem6 # Change contractions to un-contracted form## [1] "So I would like to start by telling you about one of my greatest friends Okoloma Maduewesi Okoloma lived on my street and looked after me like a big brother If I liked a boy I would ask Okoloma's opinion Okoloma died in the notorious Sosoliso plane crash in Nigeria in December of Almost exactly seven years ago Okoloma was a person I could argue with laugh with and truly talk to He was also the first person to call me a feminist I was about fourteen we were at his house arguing Both of us bristling with half bit knowledge from books that we had read I do not remember what this particular argument was about but I remember that as I argued and argued Okoloma looked at me and said You know you are a feminist It was not a compliment I could tell from his tone the same tone that you would use to say something like you are a supporter of terrorism I did not know exactly what this word feminist meant and I did not want Okoloma to know that I did not know So I brushed it aside and I continued to argue And the first thing I planned to do when I got home was to look up the word feminist in the dictionary Now fast forward to some years later I wrote a novel about a man who among other things beats his wife and whose story does not end very well While I was promoting the novel in Nigeria a journalist a nice well meaning man told me he wanted to advise me And for the Nigerians here I am sure we are all familiar with how quick our people are to give unsolicited advice He told me that people were saying that my novel was feminist and his advice to me and he was shaking his head sadly as he spoke was that I should never call myself a feminist because feminists are women who are unhappy because they cannot find husbands So I decided to call myself a happy feminist Then an academic a Nigerian woman told me that feminism was not our culture and that feminism was not African and that I was calling myself a feminist because I had been corrupted by Western books Which amused me because a lot of my early readings were decidedly unfeminist I think I must have read every single Mills Boon romance published before I was sixteen And each time I tried to read those books called the feminist classics I would get bored and I really struggled to finish them But anyway since feminism was un African I decided that I would now call myself a happy African feminist At some point I was a happy African feminist who does not hate men and who likes lip gloss and who wears high heels for herself but not for men Of course a lot of this was tongue in cheek but that word feminist is so heavy with baggage negative baggage You hate men you hate bras you hate African culture that sort of thing Now here's a story from my childhood When I was in primary school my teacher said at the beginning of term that she would give the class a test and whoever got the highest score would be the class monitor Now class monitor was a big deal If you were a class monitor you got to write down the names of noisemakers which was having enough power of its own But my teacher would also give you a cane to hold in your hand while you walk around and patrol the class for noisemakers Now of course you were not actually allowed to use the cane But it was an exciting prospect for the nine year old me I very much wanted to be the class monitor And I got the highest score on the test Then to my surprise my teacher said that the monitor had to be a boy She had forgotten to make that clear earlier because she assumed it was obvious A boy had the second highest score on the test and he would be monitor Now what was even more interesting about this is that the boy was a sweet gentle soul who had no interest in patrolling the class with the cane while I was full of ambition to do so But I was female and he was male and so he became the class monitor And I have never forgotten that incident I often make the mistake of thinking that something that is obvious to me is just as obvious to everyone else Now take my dear friend Louis for example Louis is a brilliant progressive man and we would have conversations and he would tell me I do not know what you mean by things being different or harder for women Maybe in the past but not now And I did not understand how Louis could not see what seems so self evident Then one evening in Lagos Louis and I went out with friends And for people here who are not familiar with Lagos there is that wonderful Lagos fixture the sprinkling of energetic men who hang around outside establishments and very dramatically help you park your car I was impressed with the particular theatrics of the man who found us a parking spot that evening And so as we were leaving I decided to leave him a tip I opened my bag put my hand inside my bag brought out my money that I had earned from doing my work and I gave it to the man And he this man who was very grateful and very happy took the money from me looked across at Louis and said Thank you sir Louis looked at me surprised and asked Why is he thanking me I did not give him the money Then I saw realization dawn on Louis face The man believed that whatever money I had had ultimately come from Louis Because Louis is a man Men and women are different We have different hormones we have different sexual organs we have different biological abilities Women can have babies men can not At least not yet Men have testosterone and are in general physically stronger than women there is slightly more women than men in the world about percent of the world's population is female But most of the positions of power and prestige are occupied by men The late Kenyan Nobel Peace laureate Wangari Maathai put it simply and well when she said The higher you go the fewer women there are In the recent US elections we kept hearing of the Lilly Ledbetter law and if we go beyond the nicely alliterative name of that law it was really about a man and a woman doing the same job being equally qualified and the man being paid more because he is a man So in the literal way men rule the world and this made sense a thousand years ago because human beings lived then in a world in which physical strength was the most important attribute for survival The physically stronger person was more likely to lead and men in general are physically stronger Of course there are many exceptions But today we live in a vastly different world The person more likely to lead is not the physically stronger person it is the more creative person the more intelligent person the more innovative person and there are no hormones for those attributes A man is as likely as a woman to be intelligent to be creative to be innovative We have evolved but it seems to me that our ideas of gender had not evolved Some weeks ago I walked into a lobby of one of the best Nigerian hotels I thought about naming the hotel but I thought I probably should not And a guard at the entrance stopped me and asked me annoying questions because their automatic assumption is that a Nigerian female walking into a hotel alone is a sex worker And by the way why do these hotels focus on the ostensible supply rather than the demand for sex workers In Lagos I cannot go alone into many reputable bars and clubs They just do not let you in if you are a woman alone you have to be accompanied by a man Each time I walk into a Nigerian restaurant with a man the waiter greets the man and ignores me The waiters are products At this some women felt like Yes I thought that The waiters are products of a society that has taught them that men are more important than women And I know that waiters do not intend any harm But it is one thing to know intellectually and quite another to feel it emotionally Each time they ignore me I feel invisible I feel upset I want to tell them that I am just as human as the man that I am just as worthy of acknowledgment These are little things but sometimes it is the little things that sting the most And not long ago I wrote an article about what it means to be young and female in Lagos and the printers told me It was so angry Of course it was angry I am angry Gender as it functions today is a grave injustice We should all be angry Anger has a long history of bringing about positive change but in addition to being angry I am also hopeful Because I believe deeply in the ability of human beings to make and remake themselves for the better Gender matters everywhere in the world but I want to focus on Nigeria and on Africa in general because it is where I know and because it is where my heart is And I would like today to ask that we begin to dream about and plan for a different world a fairer world a world of happier men and happier women who are truer to themselves And this is how to start we must raise our daughters differently We must also raise our sons differently We do a great disservice to boys on how we raise them we stifle the humanity of boys We define masculinity in a very narrow way masculinity becomes this hard small cage and we put boys inside the cage We teach boys to be afraid of fear We teach boys to be afraid of weakness of vulnerability We teach them to mask their true selves because they have to be in Nigerian speak hard man In secondary school a boy and a girl both of them teenagers both of them with the same amount of pocket money would go out and then the boy would be expected always to pay to prove his masculinity And yet we wonder why boys are more likely to steal money from their parents What if both boys and girls were raised not to link masculinity with money What if the attitude was not the boy has to pay but rather whoever has more should pay Now of course because of that historical advantage it is mostly men who will have more today but if we start raising children differently then in fifty years in a hundred years boys will no longer have the pressure of having to prove this masculinity But by far the worst thing we do to males by making them feel that they have to be hard is that we leave them with very fragile egos The more hard man the man feels compelled to be the weaker his ego is And then we do a much greater disservice to girls because we raise them to cater to the fragile egos of men We teach girls to shrink themselves to make themselves smaller we say to girls You can have ambition but not too much You should aim to be successful but not too successful otherwise you would threaten the man If you are the breadwinner in your relationship with a man you have to pretend that you are not especially in public otherwise you will emasculate him But what if we question the premise itself Why should a woman's success be a threat to a man What if we decide to simply dispose of that word and I do not think there is an English word I dislike more than emasculation A Nigerian acquaintance once asked me if I was worried that men would be intimidated by me I was not worried at all In fact it had not occurred to me to be worried because a man who would be intimidated by me is exactly the kind of man I would have no interest in But still I was really struck by this Because I am female I am expected to aspire to marriage I am expected to make my life choices always keeping in mind that marriage is the most important A marriage can be a good thing it can be a source of joy and love and mutual support But why do we teach girls to aspire to marriage and we do not teach boys the same I know a woman who decided to sell her house because she did not want to intimidate a man who might marry her I know an unmarried woman in Nigeria who when she goes to conferences wears a wedding ring because according to her she wants the other participants in the conference to give her respect I know young women who are under so much pressure from family from friends even from work to get married and they are pushed to make terrible choices A woman at a certain age who is unmarried our society teaches her to see it as a deep personal failure And a man at a certain age who is unmarried we just think he has not come around to making his pick it is easy for us to say Oh but women can just say no to all of this But the reality is more difficult and more complex we are all social beings We internalize ideas from our socialization Even the language we use in talking about marriage and relationships illustrates this The language of marriage is often the language of ownership rather than the language of partnership We use the word respect to mean something a woman shows a man but often not something a man shows a woman Both men and women in Nigeria will say this is an expression I am very amused by I did it for peace in my marriage Now when men say it it is usually about something that they should not be doing anyway Sometimes they say it to their friends it is something to say to their friends in a kind of fondly exasperated way you know something that ultimately proves how masculine they are how needed how loved Oh my wife said I can not go to the club every night so for peace in my marriage I do it only on weekends Now when a woman says I did it for peace in my marriage she is usually talking about giving up a job a dream a career We teach females that in relationships compromise is what women do We raise girls to see each other as competitors not for jobs or for accomplishments which I think can be a good thing but for attention of men We teach girls that they cannot be sexual beings in the way that boys are If we have sons we do not mind knowing about our sons girlfriends But our daughters boyfriends God forbid But of course when the time is right we expect those girls to bring back the perfect man to be their husbands We police girls we praise girls for virginity but we do not praise boys for virginity and it is always made me wonder how exactly this is supposed to work out because I mean the loss of virginity is usually a process that involves Recently a young woman was gang raped in a university in Nigeria I think some of us know about that And the response of many young Nigerians both male and female was something along the lines of this Yes rape is wrong But what is a girl doing in a room with four boys Now if we can forget the horrible inhumanity of that response these Nigerians have been raised to think of women as inherently guilty and they have been raised to expect so little of men that the idea of men as savage beings without any control is somehow acceptable We teach girls shame Close your legs Cover yourself We make them feel as though by being born female they are already guilty of something And so girls grow up to be women who cannot see they have desire They grow up to be women who silence themselves They grow up to be women who cannot say what they truly think and they grow up and this is the worst thing we did to girls they grow up to be women who have turned pretense into an art form I know a woman who hates domestic work she just hates it but she pretends that she likes it because she is been taught that to be good wife material she has to be to use that Nigerian word very homely And then she got married and after a while her husband's family began to complain that she had changed Actually she had not changed she just got tired of pretending The problem with gender is that it prescribes how we should be rather than recognizing how we are Now imagine how much happier we would be how much freer to be our true individual selves if we did not have the weight of gender expectations Boys and girls are undeniably different biologically but socialization exaggerates the differences and then it becomes a self fulfilling process Now take cooking for example Today women in general are more likely to do the housework than men the cooking and cleaning But why is that Is it because women are born with a cooking gene Or because over years they have been socialized to see cooking as their role Actually I was going to say that maybe women are born with a cooking gene until I remember that the majority of the famous cooks in the world whom we give the fancy title of chefs are men I used to look up to my grandmother who was a brilliant brilliant woman and wonder how she would have been if she had the same opportunities as men when she was growing up Now today there are many more opportunities for women than there were during my grandmother's time because of changes in policy changes in law all of which are very important But what matters even more is our attitude our mindset what we believe and what we value about gender What if in raising children we focus on ability instead of gender What if in raising children we focus on interest instead of gender I know a family who have a son and a daughter both of whom are brilliant at school who are wonderful lovely children When the boy is hungry the parents say to the girl Go and cook Indomie noodles for your brother Now the daughter does not particularly like to cook Indomie noodles but she is a girl and so she has to Now what if the parents from the beginning taught both the boy and the girl to cook Indomie Cooking by the way is a very useful skill for boys to have I have never thought it made sense to leave such a crucial thing the ability to nourish oneself in the hands of others I know a woman who has the same degree and the same job as her husband When they get back from work she does most of the housework which I think is true for many marriages But what struck me about them was that whenever her husband changed the baby's diaper she said thank you to him Now what if she saw this as perfectly normal and natural that he should in fact care for his child I am trying to unlearn many of the lessons of gender that I internalized when I was growing up But I sometimes still feel very vulnerable in the face of gender expectations The first time I taught a writing class in graduate school I was worried I was not worried about the material I would teach because I was well prepared and I was going to teach what I enjoy teaching Instead I was worried about what to wear I wanted to be taken seriously I knew that because I was female I will automatically have to prove my worth And I was worried that if I looked too feminine I would not be taken seriously I really wanted to wear my shiny lip gloss and my girly skirt but I decided not to Instead I wore a very serious very manly and very ugly suit Because the sad truth is that when it comes to appearance we start off with men as the standard as the norm If a man is getting ready for a business meeting he does not worry about looking too masculine and therefore not being taken for granted If a woman has to get ready for business meeting she has to worry about looking too feminine and what it says and whether or not she will be taken seriously I wish I had not worn that ugly suit that day I have actually banished it from my closet by the way Had I then the confidence that I have now to be myself my students would have benefited even more from my teaching because I would have been more comfortable and more fully and more truly myself I have chosen to no longer be apologetic for my femaleness and for my femininity And I want to be respected in all of my femaleness because I deserve to be Gender is not an easy conversation to have For both men and women to bring up gender is sometimes to encounter almost immediate resistance I can imagine some people here are actually thinking Women too do sef Some of the men here might be thinking OK all of this is interesting but I do not think like that And that is part of the problem That many men do not actively think about gender or notice gender is part of the problem of gender That many men say like my friend Louis that everything is fine now And that many men do nothing to change it If you are a man and you walk into a restaurant with a woman and the waiter greets only you does it occur to you to ask the waiter Why haven't you greeted her Because gender can be Actually we may repose part of a longer version of this talk So because gender can be a very uncomfortable conversation to have there are very easy ways to close it to close the conversation So some people will bring up evolutionary biology and apes how you know female apes bow down to male apes and that sort of thing But the point is we are not apes Apes also live on trees and have earthworms for breakfast and we do not Some people will say Well poor men also have a hard time And this is true But that is not what this But this is not what this conversation is about Gender and class are different forms of oppression I actually learned quite a bit about systems of oppression and how they can be blind to one another by talking to black men I was once talking to a black man about gender and he said to me Why do you have to say my experience as a woman Why can not it be your experience as a human being Now this was the same man who would often talk about his experience as a black man Gender matters Men and women experience the world differently Gender colors the way we experience the world But we can change that Some people will say Oh but women have the real power bottom power And for non Nigerians bottom power is an expression which I suppose means something like a woman who uses her sexuality to get favors from men But bottom power is not power at all Bottom power means that a woman simply has a good root to tap into from time to time somebody else's power And then of course we have to wonder what happens when that somebody else is in a bad mood or sick or impotent Some people will say that a woman being subordinate to a man is our culture But culture is constantly changing I have beautiful twin nieces who are fifteen and live in Lagos If they had been born a hundred years ago they would have been taken away and killed Because it was our culture it was our culture to kill twins So what is the point of culture I mean there is the decorative the dancing but also culture really is about preservation and continuity of a people In my family I am the child who is most interested in the story of who we are in our traditions in the knowledge about ancestral lands My brothers are not as interested as I am But I cannot participate I cannot go to umunna meetings I cannot have a say Because I am female Culture does not make people people make culture So if it is in fact true So if it is in fact true that the full humanity of women is not our culture then we must make it our culture I think very often of my dear friend Okoloma Maduewesi May he and all the others who passed away in that Sosoliso crash continue to rest in peace He will always be remembered by those of us who loved him And he was right that day many years ago when he called me a feminist I am a feminist And when I looked up the word in the dictionary that day this is what it said Feminist a person who believes in the social political and economic equality of the sexes My great grandmother from the stories I have heard was a feminist She ran away from the house of the man she did not want to marry and ended up marrying the man of her choice She refused she protested she spoke up whenever she felt she was being deprived of access of land that sort of thing My great grandmother did not know that word feminist but it does not mean that she was not one More of us should reclaim that word My own definition of feminist is A feminist is a man or a woman who says A feminist is a man or a woman who says Yes there is a problem with gender as it is today and we must fix it We must do better The best feminist I know is my brother Kene he is also a kind good looking lovely man and he is very masculine Thank you "fem7 <- gsub("[[:punct:]]", " ", fem6)
fem7 # Remove remaining contractions and replace with a space; print## [1] "So I would like to start by telling you about one of my greatest friends Okoloma Maduewesi Okoloma lived on my street and looked after me like a big brother If I liked a boy I would ask Okoloma s opinion Okoloma died in the notorious Sosoliso plane crash in Nigeria in December of Almost exactly seven years ago Okoloma was a person I could argue with laugh with and truly talk to He was also the first person to call me a feminist I was about fourteen we were at his house arguing Both of us bristling with half bit knowledge from books that we had read I do not remember what this particular argument was about but I remember that as I argued and argued Okoloma looked at me and said You know you are a feminist It was not a compliment I could tell from his tone the same tone that you would use to say something like you are a supporter of terrorism I did not know exactly what this word feminist meant and I did not want Okoloma to know that I did not know So I brushed it aside and I continued to argue And the first thing I planned to do when I got home was to look up the word feminist in the dictionary Now fast forward to some years later I wrote a novel about a man who among other things beats his wife and whose story does not end very well While I was promoting the novel in Nigeria a journalist a nice well meaning man told me he wanted to advise me And for the Nigerians here I am sure we are all familiar with how quick our people are to give unsolicited advice He told me that people were saying that my novel was feminist and his advice to me and he was shaking his head sadly as he spoke was that I should never call myself a feminist because feminists are women who are unhappy because they cannot find husbands So I decided to call myself a happy feminist Then an academic a Nigerian woman told me that feminism was not our culture and that feminism was not African and that I was calling myself a feminist because I had been corrupted by Western books Which amused me because a lot of my early readings were decidedly unfeminist I think I must have read every single Mills Boon romance published before I was sixteen And each time I tried to read those books called the feminist classics I would get bored and I really struggled to finish them But anyway since feminism was un African I decided that I would now call myself a happy African feminist At some point I was a happy African feminist who does not hate men and who likes lip gloss and who wears high heels for herself but not for men Of course a lot of this was tongue in cheek but that word feminist is so heavy with baggage negative baggage You hate men you hate bras you hate African culture that sort of thing Now here s a story from my childhood When I was in primary school my teacher said at the beginning of term that she would give the class a test and whoever got the highest score would be the class monitor Now class monitor was a big deal If you were a class monitor you got to write down the names of noisemakers which was having enough power of its own But my teacher would also give you a cane to hold in your hand while you walk around and patrol the class for noisemakers Now of course you were not actually allowed to use the cane But it was an exciting prospect for the nine year old me I very much wanted to be the class monitor And I got the highest score on the test Then to my surprise my teacher said that the monitor had to be a boy She had forgotten to make that clear earlier because she assumed it was obvious A boy had the second highest score on the test and he would be monitor Now what was even more interesting about this is that the boy was a sweet gentle soul who had no interest in patrolling the class with the cane while I was full of ambition to do so But I was female and he was male and so he became the class monitor And I have never forgotten that incident I often make the mistake of thinking that something that is obvious to me is just as obvious to everyone else Now take my dear friend Louis for example Louis is a brilliant progressive man and we would have conversations and he would tell me I do not know what you mean by things being different or harder for women Maybe in the past but not now And I did not understand how Louis could not see what seems so self evident Then one evening in Lagos Louis and I went out with friends And for people here who are not familiar with Lagos there is that wonderful Lagos fixture the sprinkling of energetic men who hang around outside establishments and very dramatically help you park your car I was impressed with the particular theatrics of the man who found us a parking spot that evening And so as we were leaving I decided to leave him a tip I opened my bag put my hand inside my bag brought out my money that I had earned from doing my work and I gave it to the man And he this man who was very grateful and very happy took the money from me looked across at Louis and said Thank you sir Louis looked at me surprised and asked Why is he thanking me I did not give him the money Then I saw realization dawn on Louis face The man believed that whatever money I had had ultimately come from Louis Because Louis is a man Men and women are different We have different hormones we have different sexual organs we have different biological abilities Women can have babies men can not At least not yet Men have testosterone and are in general physically stronger than women there is slightly more women than men in the world about percent of the world s population is female But most of the positions of power and prestige are occupied by men The late Kenyan Nobel Peace laureate Wangari Maathai put it simply and well when she said The higher you go the fewer women there are In the recent US elections we kept hearing of the Lilly Ledbetter law and if we go beyond the nicely alliterative name of that law it was really about a man and a woman doing the same job being equally qualified and the man being paid more because he is a man So in the literal way men rule the world and this made sense a thousand years ago because human beings lived then in a world in which physical strength was the most important attribute for survival The physically stronger person was more likely to lead and men in general are physically stronger Of course there are many exceptions But today we live in a vastly different world The person more likely to lead is not the physically stronger person it is the more creative person the more intelligent person the more innovative person and there are no hormones for those attributes A man is as likely as a woman to be intelligent to be creative to be innovative We have evolved but it seems to me that our ideas of gender had not evolved Some weeks ago I walked into a lobby of one of the best Nigerian hotels I thought about naming the hotel but I thought I probably should not And a guard at the entrance stopped me and asked me annoying questions because their automatic assumption is that a Nigerian female walking into a hotel alone is a sex worker And by the way why do these hotels focus on the ostensible supply rather than the demand for sex workers In Lagos I cannot go alone into many reputable bars and clubs They just do not let you in if you are a woman alone you have to be accompanied by a man Each time I walk into a Nigerian restaurant with a man the waiter greets the man and ignores me The waiters are products At this some women felt like Yes I thought that The waiters are products of a society that has taught them that men are more important than women And I know that waiters do not intend any harm But it is one thing to know intellectually and quite another to feel it emotionally Each time they ignore me I feel invisible I feel upset I want to tell them that I am just as human as the man that I am just as worthy of acknowledgment These are little things but sometimes it is the little things that sting the most And not long ago I wrote an article about what it means to be young and female in Lagos and the printers told me It was so angry Of course it was angry I am angry Gender as it functions today is a grave injustice We should all be angry Anger has a long history of bringing about positive change but in addition to being angry I am also hopeful Because I believe deeply in the ability of human beings to make and remake themselves for the better Gender matters everywhere in the world but I want to focus on Nigeria and on Africa in general because it is where I know and because it is where my heart is And I would like today to ask that we begin to dream about and plan for a different world a fairer world a world of happier men and happier women who are truer to themselves And this is how to start we must raise our daughters differently We must also raise our sons differently We do a great disservice to boys on how we raise them we stifle the humanity of boys We define masculinity in a very narrow way masculinity becomes this hard small cage and we put boys inside the cage We teach boys to be afraid of fear We teach boys to be afraid of weakness of vulnerability We teach them to mask their true selves because they have to be in Nigerian speak hard man In secondary school a boy and a girl both of them teenagers both of them with the same amount of pocket money would go out and then the boy would be expected always to pay to prove his masculinity And yet we wonder why boys are more likely to steal money from their parents What if both boys and girls were raised not to link masculinity with money What if the attitude was not the boy has to pay but rather whoever has more should pay Now of course because of that historical advantage it is mostly men who will have more today but if we start raising children differently then in fifty years in a hundred years boys will no longer have the pressure of having to prove this masculinity But by far the worst thing we do to males by making them feel that they have to be hard is that we leave them with very fragile egos The more hard man the man feels compelled to be the weaker his ego is And then we do a much greater disservice to girls because we raise them to cater to the fragile egos of men We teach girls to shrink themselves to make themselves smaller we say to girls You can have ambition but not too much You should aim to be successful but not too successful otherwise you would threaten the man If you are the breadwinner in your relationship with a man you have to pretend that you are not especially in public otherwise you will emasculate him But what if we question the premise itself Why should a woman s success be a threat to a man What if we decide to simply dispose of that word and I do not think there is an English word I dislike more than emasculation A Nigerian acquaintance once asked me if I was worried that men would be intimidated by me I was not worried at all In fact it had not occurred to me to be worried because a man who would be intimidated by me is exactly the kind of man I would have no interest in But still I was really struck by this Because I am female I am expected to aspire to marriage I am expected to make my life choices always keeping in mind that marriage is the most important A marriage can be a good thing it can be a source of joy and love and mutual support But why do we teach girls to aspire to marriage and we do not teach boys the same I know a woman who decided to sell her house because she did not want to intimidate a man who might marry her I know an unmarried woman in Nigeria who when she goes to conferences wears a wedding ring because according to her she wants the other participants in the conference to give her respect I know young women who are under so much pressure from family from friends even from work to get married and they are pushed to make terrible choices A woman at a certain age who is unmarried our society teaches her to see it as a deep personal failure And a man at a certain age who is unmarried we just think he has not come around to making his pick it is easy for us to say Oh but women can just say no to all of this But the reality is more difficult and more complex we are all social beings We internalize ideas from our socialization Even the language we use in talking about marriage and relationships illustrates this The language of marriage is often the language of ownership rather than the language of partnership We use the word respect to mean something a woman shows a man but often not something a man shows a woman Both men and women in Nigeria will say this is an expression I am very amused by I did it for peace in my marriage Now when men say it it is usually about something that they should not be doing anyway Sometimes they say it to their friends it is something to say to their friends in a kind of fondly exasperated way you know something that ultimately proves how masculine they are how needed how loved Oh my wife said I can not go to the club every night so for peace in my marriage I do it only on weekends Now when a woman says I did it for peace in my marriage she is usually talking about giving up a job a dream a career We teach females that in relationships compromise is what women do We raise girls to see each other as competitors not for jobs or for accomplishments which I think can be a good thing but for attention of men We teach girls that they cannot be sexual beings in the way that boys are If we have sons we do not mind knowing about our sons girlfriends But our daughters boyfriends God forbid But of course when the time is right we expect those girls to bring back the perfect man to be their husbands We police girls we praise girls for virginity but we do not praise boys for virginity and it is always made me wonder how exactly this is supposed to work out because I mean the loss of virginity is usually a process that involves Recently a young woman was gang raped in a university in Nigeria I think some of us know about that And the response of many young Nigerians both male and female was something along the lines of this Yes rape is wrong But what is a girl doing in a room with four boys Now if we can forget the horrible inhumanity of that response these Nigerians have been raised to think of women as inherently guilty and they have been raised to expect so little of men that the idea of men as savage beings without any control is somehow acceptable We teach girls shame Close your legs Cover yourself We make them feel as though by being born female they are already guilty of something And so girls grow up to be women who cannot see they have desire They grow up to be women who silence themselves They grow up to be women who cannot say what they truly think and they grow up and this is the worst thing we did to girls they grow up to be women who have turned pretense into an art form I know a woman who hates domestic work she just hates it but she pretends that she likes it because she is been taught that to be good wife material she has to be to use that Nigerian word very homely And then she got married and after a while her husband s family began to complain that she had changed Actually she had not changed she just got tired of pretending The problem with gender is that it prescribes how we should be rather than recognizing how we are Now imagine how much happier we would be how much freer to be our true individual selves if we did not have the weight of gender expectations Boys and girls are undeniably different biologically but socialization exaggerates the differences and then it becomes a self fulfilling process Now take cooking for example Today women in general are more likely to do the housework than men the cooking and cleaning But why is that Is it because women are born with a cooking gene Or because over years they have been socialized to see cooking as their role Actually I was going to say that maybe women are born with a cooking gene until I remember that the majority of the famous cooks in the world whom we give the fancy title of chefs are men I used to look up to my grandmother who was a brilliant brilliant woman and wonder how she would have been if she had the same opportunities as men when she was growing up Now today there are many more opportunities for women than there were during my grandmother s time because of changes in policy changes in law all of which are very important But what matters even more is our attitude our mindset what we believe and what we value about gender What if in raising children we focus on ability instead of gender What if in raising children we focus on interest instead of gender I know a family who have a son and a daughter both of whom are brilliant at school who are wonderful lovely children When the boy is hungry the parents say to the girl Go and cook Indomie noodles for your brother Now the daughter does not particularly like to cook Indomie noodles but she is a girl and so she has to Now what if the parents from the beginning taught both the boy and the girl to cook Indomie Cooking by the way is a very useful skill for boys to have I have never thought it made sense to leave such a crucial thing the ability to nourish oneself in the hands of others I know a woman who has the same degree and the same job as her husband When they get back from work she does most of the housework which I think is true for many marriages But what struck me about them was that whenever her husband changed the baby s diaper she said thank you to him Now what if she saw this as perfectly normal and natural that he should in fact care for his child I am trying to unlearn many of the lessons of gender that I internalized when I was growing up But I sometimes still feel very vulnerable in the face of gender expectations The first time I taught a writing class in graduate school I was worried I was not worried about the material I would teach because I was well prepared and I was going to teach what I enjoy teaching Instead I was worried about what to wear I wanted to be taken seriously I knew that because I was female I will automatically have to prove my worth And I was worried that if I looked too feminine I would not be taken seriously I really wanted to wear my shiny lip gloss and my girly skirt but I decided not to Instead I wore a very serious very manly and very ugly suit Because the sad truth is that when it comes to appearance we start off with men as the standard as the norm If a man is getting ready for a business meeting he does not worry about looking too masculine and therefore not being taken for granted If a woman has to get ready for business meeting she has to worry about looking too feminine and what it says and whether or not she will be taken seriously I wish I had not worn that ugly suit that day I have actually banished it from my closet by the way Had I then the confidence that I have now to be myself my students would have benefited even more from my teaching because I would have been more comfortable and more fully and more truly myself I have chosen to no longer be apologetic for my femaleness and for my femininity And I want to be respected in all of my femaleness because I deserve to be Gender is not an easy conversation to have For both men and women to bring up gender is sometimes to encounter almost immediate resistance I can imagine some people here are actually thinking Women too do sef Some of the men here might be thinking OK all of this is interesting but I do not think like that And that is part of the problem That many men do not actively think about gender or notice gender is part of the problem of gender That many men say like my friend Louis that everything is fine now And that many men do nothing to change it If you are a man and you walk into a restaurant with a woman and the waiter greets only you does it occur to you to ask the waiter Why haven t you greeted her Because gender can be Actually we may repose part of a longer version of this talk So because gender can be a very uncomfortable conversation to have there are very easy ways to close it to close the conversation So some people will bring up evolutionary biology and apes how you know female apes bow down to male apes and that sort of thing But the point is we are not apes Apes also live on trees and have earthworms for breakfast and we do not Some people will say Well poor men also have a hard time And this is true But that is not what this But this is not what this conversation is about Gender and class are different forms of oppression I actually learned quite a bit about systems of oppression and how they can be blind to one another by talking to black men I was once talking to a black man about gender and he said to me Why do you have to say my experience as a woman Why can not it be your experience as a human being Now this was the same man who would often talk about his experience as a black man Gender matters Men and women experience the world differently Gender colors the way we experience the world But we can change that Some people will say Oh but women have the real power bottom power And for non Nigerians bottom power is an expression which I suppose means something like a woman who uses her sexuality to get favors from men But bottom power is not power at all Bottom power means that a woman simply has a good root to tap into from time to time somebody else s power And then of course we have to wonder what happens when that somebody else is in a bad mood or sick or impotent Some people will say that a woman being subordinate to a man is our culture But culture is constantly changing I have beautiful twin nieces who are fifteen and live in Lagos If they had been born a hundred years ago they would have been taken away and killed Because it was our culture it was our culture to kill twins So what is the point of culture I mean there is the decorative the dancing but also culture really is about preservation and continuity of a people In my family I am the child who is most interested in the story of who we are in our traditions in the knowledge about ancestral lands My brothers are not as interested as I am But I cannot participate I cannot go to umunna meetings I cannot have a say Because I am female Culture does not make people people make culture So if it is in fact true So if it is in fact true that the full humanity of women is not our culture then we must make it our culture I think very often of my dear friend Okoloma Maduewesi May he and all the others who passed away in that Sosoliso crash continue to rest in peace He will always be remembered by those of us who loved him And he was right that day many years ago when he called me a feminist I am a feminist And when I looked up the word in the dictionary that day this is what it said Feminist a person who believes in the social political and economic equality of the sexes My great grandmother from the stories I have heard was a feminist She ran away from the house of the man she did not want to marry and ended up marrying the man of her choice She refused she protested she spoke up whenever she felt she was being deprived of access of land that sort of thing My great grandmother did not know that word feminist but it does not mean that she was not one More of us should reclaim that word My own definition of feminist is A feminist is a man or a woman who says A feminist is a man or a woman who says Yes there is a problem with gender as it is today and we must fix it We must do better The best feminist I know is my brother Kene he is also a kind good looking lovely man and he is very masculine Thank you "fem8 <- gsub("\\b[a-z]\\b{1}", " ", fem7)
fem8 # Remove singletons and print## [1] "So I would like to start by telling you about one of my greatest friends Okoloma Maduewesi Okoloma lived on my street and looked after me like big brother If I liked boy I would ask Okoloma opinion Okoloma died in the notorious Sosoliso plane crash in Nigeria in December of Almost exactly seven years ago Okoloma was person I could argue with laugh with and truly talk to He was also the first person to call me feminist I was about fourteen we were at his house arguing Both of us bristling with half bit knowledge from books that we had read I do not remember what this particular argument was about but I remember that as I argued and argued Okoloma looked at me and said You know you are feminist It was not compliment I could tell from his tone the same tone that you would use to say something like you are supporter of terrorism I did not know exactly what this word feminist meant and I did not want Okoloma to know that I did not know So I brushed it aside and I continued to argue And the first thing I planned to do when I got home was to look up the word feminist in the dictionary Now fast forward to some years later I wrote novel about man who among other things beats his wife and whose story does not end very well While I was promoting the novel in Nigeria journalist nice well meaning man told me he wanted to advise me And for the Nigerians here I am sure we are all familiar with how quick our people are to give unsolicited advice He told me that people were saying that my novel was feminist and his advice to me and he was shaking his head sadly as he spoke was that I should never call myself feminist because feminists are women who are unhappy because they cannot find husbands So I decided to call myself happy feminist Then an academic Nigerian woman told me that feminism was not our culture and that feminism was not African and that I was calling myself feminist because I had been corrupted by Western books Which amused me because lot of my early readings were decidedly unfeminist I think I must have read every single Mills Boon romance published before I was sixteen And each time I tried to read those books called the feminist classics I would get bored and I really struggled to finish them But anyway since feminism was un African I decided that I would now call myself happy African feminist At some point I was happy African feminist who does not hate men and who likes lip gloss and who wears high heels for herself but not for men Of course lot of this was tongue in cheek but that word feminist is so heavy with baggage negative baggage You hate men you hate bras you hate African culture that sort of thing Now here story from my childhood When I was in primary school my teacher said at the beginning of term that she would give the class test and whoever got the highest score would be the class monitor Now class monitor was big deal If you were class monitor you got to write down the names of noisemakers which was having enough power of its own But my teacher would also give you cane to hold in your hand while you walk around and patrol the class for noisemakers Now of course you were not actually allowed to use the cane But it was an exciting prospect for the nine year old me I very much wanted to be the class monitor And I got the highest score on the test Then to my surprise my teacher said that the monitor had to be boy She had forgotten to make that clear earlier because she assumed it was obvious A boy had the second highest score on the test and he would be monitor Now what was even more interesting about this is that the boy was sweet gentle soul who had no interest in patrolling the class with the cane while I was full of ambition to do so But I was female and he was male and so he became the class monitor And I have never forgotten that incident I often make the mistake of thinking that something that is obvious to me is just as obvious to everyone else Now take my dear friend Louis for example Louis is brilliant progressive man and we would have conversations and he would tell me I do not know what you mean by things being different or harder for women Maybe in the past but not now And I did not understand how Louis could not see what seems so self evident Then one evening in Lagos Louis and I went out with friends And for people here who are not familiar with Lagos there is that wonderful Lagos fixture the sprinkling of energetic men who hang around outside establishments and very dramatically help you park your car I was impressed with the particular theatrics of the man who found us parking spot that evening And so as we were leaving I decided to leave him tip I opened my bag put my hand inside my bag brought out my money that I had earned from doing my work and I gave it to the man And he this man who was very grateful and very happy took the money from me looked across at Louis and said Thank you sir Louis looked at me surprised and asked Why is he thanking me I did not give him the money Then I saw realization dawn on Louis face The man believed that whatever money I had had ultimately come from Louis Because Louis is man Men and women are different We have different hormones we have different sexual organs we have different biological abilities Women can have babies men can not At least not yet Men have testosterone and are in general physically stronger than women there is slightly more women than men in the world about percent of the world population is female But most of the positions of power and prestige are occupied by men The late Kenyan Nobel Peace laureate Wangari Maathai put it simply and well when she said The higher you go the fewer women there are In the recent US elections we kept hearing of the Lilly Ledbetter law and if we go beyond the nicely alliterative name of that law it was really about man and woman doing the same job being equally qualified and the man being paid more because he is man So in the literal way men rule the world and this made sense thousand years ago because human beings lived then in world in which physical strength was the most important attribute for survival The physically stronger person was more likely to lead and men in general are physically stronger Of course there are many exceptions But today we live in vastly different world The person more likely to lead is not the physically stronger person it is the more creative person the more intelligent person the more innovative person and there are no hormones for those attributes A man is as likely as woman to be intelligent to be creative to be innovative We have evolved but it seems to me that our ideas of gender had not evolved Some weeks ago I walked into lobby of one of the best Nigerian hotels I thought about naming the hotel but I thought I probably should not And guard at the entrance stopped me and asked me annoying questions because their automatic assumption is that Nigerian female walking into hotel alone is sex worker And by the way why do these hotels focus on the ostensible supply rather than the demand for sex workers In Lagos I cannot go alone into many reputable bars and clubs They just do not let you in if you are woman alone you have to be accompanied by man Each time I walk into Nigerian restaurant with man the waiter greets the man and ignores me The waiters are products At this some women felt like Yes I thought that The waiters are products of society that has taught them that men are more important than women And I know that waiters do not intend any harm But it is one thing to know intellectually and quite another to feel it emotionally Each time they ignore me I feel invisible I feel upset I want to tell them that I am just as human as the man that I am just as worthy of acknowledgment These are little things but sometimes it is the little things that sting the most And not long ago I wrote an article about what it means to be young and female in Lagos and the printers told me It was so angry Of course it was angry I am angry Gender as it functions today is grave injustice We should all be angry Anger has long history of bringing about positive change but in addition to being angry I am also hopeful Because I believe deeply in the ability of human beings to make and remake themselves for the better Gender matters everywhere in the world but I want to focus on Nigeria and on Africa in general because it is where I know and because it is where my heart is And I would like today to ask that we begin to dream about and plan for different world fairer world world of happier men and happier women who are truer to themselves And this is how to start we must raise our daughters differently We must also raise our sons differently We do great disservice to boys on how we raise them we stifle the humanity of boys We define masculinity in very narrow way masculinity becomes this hard small cage and we put boys inside the cage We teach boys to be afraid of fear We teach boys to be afraid of weakness of vulnerability We teach them to mask their true selves because they have to be in Nigerian speak hard man In secondary school boy and girl both of them teenagers both of them with the same amount of pocket money would go out and then the boy would be expected always to pay to prove his masculinity And yet we wonder why boys are more likely to steal money from their parents What if both boys and girls were raised not to link masculinity with money What if the attitude was not the boy has to pay but rather whoever has more should pay Now of course because of that historical advantage it is mostly men who will have more today but if we start raising children differently then in fifty years in hundred years boys will no longer have the pressure of having to prove this masculinity But by far the worst thing we do to males by making them feel that they have to be hard is that we leave them with very fragile egos The more hard man the man feels compelled to be the weaker his ego is And then we do much greater disservice to girls because we raise them to cater to the fragile egos of men We teach girls to shrink themselves to make themselves smaller we say to girls You can have ambition but not too much You should aim to be successful but not too successful otherwise you would threaten the man If you are the breadwinner in your relationship with man you have to pretend that you are not especially in public otherwise you will emasculate him But what if we question the premise itself Why should woman success be threat to man What if we decide to simply dispose of that word and I do not think there is an English word I dislike more than emasculation A Nigerian acquaintance once asked me if I was worried that men would be intimidated by me I was not worried at all In fact it had not occurred to me to be worried because man who would be intimidated by me is exactly the kind of man I would have no interest in But still I was really struck by this Because I am female I am expected to aspire to marriage I am expected to make my life choices always keeping in mind that marriage is the most important A marriage can be good thing it can be source of joy and love and mutual support But why do we teach girls to aspire to marriage and we do not teach boys the same I know woman who decided to sell her house because she did not want to intimidate man who might marry her I know an unmarried woman in Nigeria who when she goes to conferences wears wedding ring because according to her she wants the other participants in the conference to give her respect I know young women who are under so much pressure from family from friends even from work to get married and they are pushed to make terrible choices A woman at certain age who is unmarried our society teaches her to see it as deep personal failure And man at certain age who is unmarried we just think he has not come around to making his pick it is easy for us to say Oh but women can just say no to all of this But the reality is more difficult and more complex we are all social beings We internalize ideas from our socialization Even the language we use in talking about marriage and relationships illustrates this The language of marriage is often the language of ownership rather than the language of partnership We use the word respect to mean something woman shows man but often not something man shows woman Both men and women in Nigeria will say this is an expression I am very amused by I did it for peace in my marriage Now when men say it it is usually about something that they should not be doing anyway Sometimes they say it to their friends it is something to say to their friends in kind of fondly exasperated way you know something that ultimately proves how masculine they are how needed how loved Oh my wife said I can not go to the club every night so for peace in my marriage I do it only on weekends Now when woman says I did it for peace in my marriage she is usually talking about giving up job dream career We teach females that in relationships compromise is what women do We raise girls to see each other as competitors not for jobs or for accomplishments which I think can be good thing but for attention of men We teach girls that they cannot be sexual beings in the way that boys are If we have sons we do not mind knowing about our sons girlfriends But our daughters boyfriends God forbid But of course when the time is right we expect those girls to bring back the perfect man to be their husbands We police girls we praise girls for virginity but we do not praise boys for virginity and it is always made me wonder how exactly this is supposed to work out because I mean the loss of virginity is usually process that involves Recently young woman was gang raped in university in Nigeria I think some of us know about that And the response of many young Nigerians both male and female was something along the lines of this Yes rape is wrong But what is girl doing in room with four boys Now if we can forget the horrible inhumanity of that response these Nigerians have been raised to think of women as inherently guilty and they have been raised to expect so little of men that the idea of men as savage beings without any control is somehow acceptable We teach girls shame Close your legs Cover yourself We make them feel as though by being born female they are already guilty of something And so girls grow up to be women who cannot see they have desire They grow up to be women who silence themselves They grow up to be women who cannot say what they truly think and they grow up and this is the worst thing we did to girls they grow up to be women who have turned pretense into an art form I know woman who hates domestic work she just hates it but she pretends that she likes it because she is been taught that to be good wife material she has to be to use that Nigerian word very homely And then she got married and after while her husband family began to complain that she had changed Actually she had not changed she just got tired of pretending The problem with gender is that it prescribes how we should be rather than recognizing how we are Now imagine how much happier we would be how much freer to be our true individual selves if we did not have the weight of gender expectations Boys and girls are undeniably different biologically but socialization exaggerates the differences and then it becomes self fulfilling process Now take cooking for example Today women in general are more likely to do the housework than men the cooking and cleaning But why is that Is it because women are born with cooking gene Or because over years they have been socialized to see cooking as their role Actually I was going to say that maybe women are born with cooking gene until I remember that the majority of the famous cooks in the world whom we give the fancy title of chefs are men I used to look up to my grandmother who was brilliant brilliant woman and wonder how she would have been if she had the same opportunities as men when she was growing up Now today there are many more opportunities for women than there were during my grandmother time because of changes in policy changes in law all of which are very important But what matters even more is our attitude our mindset what we believe and what we value about gender What if in raising children we focus on ability instead of gender What if in raising children we focus on interest instead of gender I know family who have son and daughter both of whom are brilliant at school who are wonderful lovely children When the boy is hungry the parents say to the girl Go and cook Indomie noodles for your brother Now the daughter does not particularly like to cook Indomie noodles but she is girl and so she has to Now what if the parents from the beginning taught both the boy and the girl to cook Indomie Cooking by the way is very useful skill for boys to have I have never thought it made sense to leave such crucial thing the ability to nourish oneself in the hands of others I know woman who has the same degree and the same job as her husband When they get back from work she does most of the housework which I think is true for many marriages But what struck me about them was that whenever her husband changed the baby diaper she said thank you to him Now what if she saw this as perfectly normal and natural that he should in fact care for his child I am trying to unlearn many of the lessons of gender that I internalized when I was growing up But I sometimes still feel very vulnerable in the face of gender expectations The first time I taught writing class in graduate school I was worried I was not worried about the material I would teach because I was well prepared and I was going to teach what I enjoy teaching Instead I was worried about what to wear I wanted to be taken seriously I knew that because I was female I will automatically have to prove my worth And I was worried that if I looked too feminine I would not be taken seriously I really wanted to wear my shiny lip gloss and my girly skirt but I decided not to Instead I wore very serious very manly and very ugly suit Because the sad truth is that when it comes to appearance we start off with men as the standard as the norm If man is getting ready for business meeting he does not worry about looking too masculine and therefore not being taken for granted If woman has to get ready for business meeting she has to worry about looking too feminine and what it says and whether or not she will be taken seriously I wish I had not worn that ugly suit that day I have actually banished it from my closet by the way Had I then the confidence that I have now to be myself my students would have benefited even more from my teaching because I would have been more comfortable and more fully and more truly myself I have chosen to no longer be apologetic for my femaleness and for my femininity And I want to be respected in all of my femaleness because I deserve to be Gender is not an easy conversation to have For both men and women to bring up gender is sometimes to encounter almost immediate resistance I can imagine some people here are actually thinking Women too do sef Some of the men here might be thinking OK all of this is interesting but I do not think like that And that is part of the problem That many men do not actively think about gender or notice gender is part of the problem of gender That many men say like my friend Louis that everything is fine now And that many men do nothing to change it If you are man and you walk into restaurant with woman and the waiter greets only you does it occur to you to ask the waiter Why haven you greeted her Because gender can be Actually we may repose part of longer version of this talk So because gender can be very uncomfortable conversation to have there are very easy ways to close it to close the conversation So some people will bring up evolutionary biology and apes how you know female apes bow down to male apes and that sort of thing But the point is we are not apes Apes also live on trees and have earthworms for breakfast and we do not Some people will say Well poor men also have hard time And this is true But that is not what this But this is not what this conversation is about Gender and class are different forms of oppression I actually learned quite bit about systems of oppression and how they can be blind to one another by talking to black men I was once talking to black man about gender and he said to me Why do you have to say my experience as woman Why can not it be your experience as human being Now this was the same man who would often talk about his experience as black man Gender matters Men and women experience the world differently Gender colors the way we experience the world But we can change that Some people will say Oh but women have the real power bottom power And for non Nigerians bottom power is an expression which I suppose means something like woman who uses her sexuality to get favors from men But bottom power is not power at all Bottom power means that woman simply has good root to tap into from time to time somebody else power And then of course we have to wonder what happens when that somebody else is in bad mood or sick or impotent Some people will say that woman being subordinate to man is our culture But culture is constantly changing I have beautiful twin nieces who are fifteen and live in Lagos If they had been born hundred years ago they would have been taken away and killed Because it was our culture it was our culture to kill twins So what is the point of culture I mean there is the decorative the dancing but also culture really is about preservation and continuity of people In my family I am the child who is most interested in the story of who we are in our traditions in the knowledge about ancestral lands My brothers are not as interested as I am But I cannot participate I cannot go to umunna meetings I cannot have say Because I am female Culture does not make people people make culture So if it is in fact true So if it is in fact true that the full humanity of women is not our culture then we must make it our culture I think very often of my dear friend Okoloma Maduewesi May he and all the others who passed away in that Sosoliso crash continue to rest in peace He will always be remembered by those of us who loved him And he was right that day many years ago when he called me feminist I am feminist And when I looked up the word in the dictionary that day this is what it said Feminist person who believes in the social political and economic equality of the sexes My great grandmother from the stories I have heard was feminist She ran away from the house of the man she did not want to marry and ended up marrying the man of her choice She refused she protested she spoke up whenever she felt she was being deprived of access of land that sort of thing My great grandmother did not know that word feminist but it does not mean that she was not one More of us should reclaim that word My own definition of feminist is A feminist is man or woman who says A feminist is man or woman who says Yes there is problem with gender as it is today and we must fix it We must do better The best feminist I know is my brother Kene he is also kind good looking lovely man and he is very masculine Thank you "Change to Lowercase
Stopwords are in all lowercase. Be sure to write into an object, otherwise it won’t save.
fem9 <- tolower(fem8)
fem9 #Change to lower case and print## [1] "so i would like to start by telling you about one of my greatest friends okoloma maduewesi okoloma lived on my street and looked after me like big brother if i liked boy i would ask okoloma opinion okoloma died in the notorious sosoliso plane crash in nigeria in december of almost exactly seven years ago okoloma was person i could argue with laugh with and truly talk to he was also the first person to call me feminist i was about fourteen we were at his house arguing both of us bristling with half bit knowledge from books that we had read i do not remember what this particular argument was about but i remember that as i argued and argued okoloma looked at me and said you know you are feminist it was not compliment i could tell from his tone the same tone that you would use to say something like you are supporter of terrorism i did not know exactly what this word feminist meant and i did not want okoloma to know that i did not know so i brushed it aside and i continued to argue and the first thing i planned to do when i got home was to look up the word feminist in the dictionary now fast forward to some years later i wrote novel about man who among other things beats his wife and whose story does not end very well while i was promoting the novel in nigeria journalist nice well meaning man told me he wanted to advise me and for the nigerians here i am sure we are all familiar with how quick our people are to give unsolicited advice he told me that people were saying that my novel was feminist and his advice to me and he was shaking his head sadly as he spoke was that i should never call myself feminist because feminists are women who are unhappy because they cannot find husbands so i decided to call myself happy feminist then an academic nigerian woman told me that feminism was not our culture and that feminism was not african and that i was calling myself feminist because i had been corrupted by western books which amused me because lot of my early readings were decidedly unfeminist i think i must have read every single mills boon romance published before i was sixteen and each time i tried to read those books called the feminist classics i would get bored and i really struggled to finish them but anyway since feminism was un african i decided that i would now call myself happy african feminist at some point i was happy african feminist who does not hate men and who likes lip gloss and who wears high heels for herself but not for men of course lot of this was tongue in cheek but that word feminist is so heavy with baggage negative baggage you hate men you hate bras you hate african culture that sort of thing now here story from my childhood when i was in primary school my teacher said at the beginning of term that she would give the class test and whoever got the highest score would be the class monitor now class monitor was big deal if you were class monitor you got to write down the names of noisemakers which was having enough power of its own but my teacher would also give you cane to hold in your hand while you walk around and patrol the class for noisemakers now of course you were not actually allowed to use the cane but it was an exciting prospect for the nine year old me i very much wanted to be the class monitor and i got the highest score on the test then to my surprise my teacher said that the monitor had to be boy she had forgotten to make that clear earlier because she assumed it was obvious a boy had the second highest score on the test and he would be monitor now what was even more interesting about this is that the boy was sweet gentle soul who had no interest in patrolling the class with the cane while i was full of ambition to do so but i was female and he was male and so he became the class monitor and i have never forgotten that incident i often make the mistake of thinking that something that is obvious to me is just as obvious to everyone else now take my dear friend louis for example louis is brilliant progressive man and we would have conversations and he would tell me i do not know what you mean by things being different or harder for women maybe in the past but not now and i did not understand how louis could not see what seems so self evident then one evening in lagos louis and i went out with friends and for people here who are not familiar with lagos there is that wonderful lagos fixture the sprinkling of energetic men who hang around outside establishments and very dramatically help you park your car i was impressed with the particular theatrics of the man who found us parking spot that evening and so as we were leaving i decided to leave him tip i opened my bag put my hand inside my bag brought out my money that i had earned from doing my work and i gave it to the man and he this man who was very grateful and very happy took the money from me looked across at louis and said thank you sir louis looked at me surprised and asked why is he thanking me i did not give him the money then i saw realization dawn on louis face the man believed that whatever money i had had ultimately come from louis because louis is man men and women are different we have different hormones we have different sexual organs we have different biological abilities women can have babies men can not at least not yet men have testosterone and are in general physically stronger than women there is slightly more women than men in the world about percent of the world population is female but most of the positions of power and prestige are occupied by men the late kenyan nobel peace laureate wangari maathai put it simply and well when she said the higher you go the fewer women there are in the recent us elections we kept hearing of the lilly ledbetter law and if we go beyond the nicely alliterative name of that law it was really about man and woman doing the same job being equally qualified and the man being paid more because he is man so in the literal way men rule the world and this made sense thousand years ago because human beings lived then in world in which physical strength was the most important attribute for survival the physically stronger person was more likely to lead and men in general are physically stronger of course there are many exceptions but today we live in vastly different world the person more likely to lead is not the physically stronger person it is the more creative person the more intelligent person the more innovative person and there are no hormones for those attributes a man is as likely as woman to be intelligent to be creative to be innovative we have evolved but it seems to me that our ideas of gender had not evolved some weeks ago i walked into lobby of one of the best nigerian hotels i thought about naming the hotel but i thought i probably should not and guard at the entrance stopped me and asked me annoying questions because their automatic assumption is that nigerian female walking into hotel alone is sex worker and by the way why do these hotels focus on the ostensible supply rather than the demand for sex workers in lagos i cannot go alone into many reputable bars and clubs they just do not let you in if you are woman alone you have to be accompanied by man each time i walk into nigerian restaurant with man the waiter greets the man and ignores me the waiters are products at this some women felt like yes i thought that the waiters are products of society that has taught them that men are more important than women and i know that waiters do not intend any harm but it is one thing to know intellectually and quite another to feel it emotionally each time they ignore me i feel invisible i feel upset i want to tell them that i am just as human as the man that i am just as worthy of acknowledgment these are little things but sometimes it is the little things that sting the most and not long ago i wrote an article about what it means to be young and female in lagos and the printers told me it was so angry of course it was angry i am angry gender as it functions today is grave injustice we should all be angry anger has long history of bringing about positive change but in addition to being angry i am also hopeful because i believe deeply in the ability of human beings to make and remake themselves for the better gender matters everywhere in the world but i want to focus on nigeria and on africa in general because it is where i know and because it is where my heart is and i would like today to ask that we begin to dream about and plan for different world fairer world world of happier men and happier women who are truer to themselves and this is how to start we must raise our daughters differently we must also raise our sons differently we do great disservice to boys on how we raise them we stifle the humanity of boys we define masculinity in very narrow way masculinity becomes this hard small cage and we put boys inside the cage we teach boys to be afraid of fear we teach boys to be afraid of weakness of vulnerability we teach them to mask their true selves because they have to be in nigerian speak hard man in secondary school boy and girl both of them teenagers both of them with the same amount of pocket money would go out and then the boy would be expected always to pay to prove his masculinity and yet we wonder why boys are more likely to steal money from their parents what if both boys and girls were raised not to link masculinity with money what if the attitude was not the boy has to pay but rather whoever has more should pay now of course because of that historical advantage it is mostly men who will have more today but if we start raising children differently then in fifty years in hundred years boys will no longer have the pressure of having to prove this masculinity but by far the worst thing we do to males by making them feel that they have to be hard is that we leave them with very fragile egos the more hard man the man feels compelled to be the weaker his ego is and then we do much greater disservice to girls because we raise them to cater to the fragile egos of men we teach girls to shrink themselves to make themselves smaller we say to girls you can have ambition but not too much you should aim to be successful but not too successful otherwise you would threaten the man if you are the breadwinner in your relationship with man you have to pretend that you are not especially in public otherwise you will emasculate him but what if we question the premise itself why should woman success be threat to man what if we decide to simply dispose of that word and i do not think there is an english word i dislike more than emasculation a nigerian acquaintance once asked me if i was worried that men would be intimidated by me i was not worried at all in fact it had not occurred to me to be worried because man who would be intimidated by me is exactly the kind of man i would have no interest in but still i was really struck by this because i am female i am expected to aspire to marriage i am expected to make my life choices always keeping in mind that marriage is the most important a marriage can be good thing it can be source of joy and love and mutual support but why do we teach girls to aspire to marriage and we do not teach boys the same i know woman who decided to sell her house because she did not want to intimidate man who might marry her i know an unmarried woman in nigeria who when she goes to conferences wears wedding ring because according to her she wants the other participants in the conference to give her respect i know young women who are under so much pressure from family from friends even from work to get married and they are pushed to make terrible choices a woman at certain age who is unmarried our society teaches her to see it as deep personal failure and man at certain age who is unmarried we just think he has not come around to making his pick it is easy for us to say oh but women can just say no to all of this but the reality is more difficult and more complex we are all social beings we internalize ideas from our socialization even the language we use in talking about marriage and relationships illustrates this the language of marriage is often the language of ownership rather than the language of partnership we use the word respect to mean something woman shows man but often not something man shows woman both men and women in nigeria will say this is an expression i am very amused by i did it for peace in my marriage now when men say it it is usually about something that they should not be doing anyway sometimes they say it to their friends it is something to say to their friends in kind of fondly exasperated way you know something that ultimately proves how masculine they are how needed how loved oh my wife said i can not go to the club every night so for peace in my marriage i do it only on weekends now when woman says i did it for peace in my marriage she is usually talking about giving up job dream career we teach females that in relationships compromise is what women do we raise girls to see each other as competitors not for jobs or for accomplishments which i think can be good thing but for attention of men we teach girls that they cannot be sexual beings in the way that boys are if we have sons we do not mind knowing about our sons girlfriends but our daughters boyfriends god forbid but of course when the time is right we expect those girls to bring back the perfect man to be their husbands we police girls we praise girls for virginity but we do not praise boys for virginity and it is always made me wonder how exactly this is supposed to work out because i mean the loss of virginity is usually process that involves recently young woman was gang raped in university in nigeria i think some of us know about that and the response of many young nigerians both male and female was something along the lines of this yes rape is wrong but what is girl doing in room with four boys now if we can forget the horrible inhumanity of that response these nigerians have been raised to think of women as inherently guilty and they have been raised to expect so little of men that the idea of men as savage beings without any control is somehow acceptable we teach girls shame close your legs cover yourself we make them feel as though by being born female they are already guilty of something and so girls grow up to be women who cannot see they have desire they grow up to be women who silence themselves they grow up to be women who cannot say what they truly think and they grow up and this is the worst thing we did to girls they grow up to be women who have turned pretense into an art form i know woman who hates domestic work she just hates it but she pretends that she likes it because she is been taught that to be good wife material she has to be to use that nigerian word very homely and then she got married and after while her husband family began to complain that she had changed actually she had not changed she just got tired of pretending the problem with gender is that it prescribes how we should be rather than recognizing how we are now imagine how much happier we would be how much freer to be our true individual selves if we did not have the weight of gender expectations boys and girls are undeniably different biologically but socialization exaggerates the differences and then it becomes self fulfilling process now take cooking for example today women in general are more likely to do the housework than men the cooking and cleaning but why is that is it because women are born with cooking gene or because over years they have been socialized to see cooking as their role actually i was going to say that maybe women are born with cooking gene until i remember that the majority of the famous cooks in the world whom we give the fancy title of chefs are men i used to look up to my grandmother who was brilliant brilliant woman and wonder how she would have been if she had the same opportunities as men when she was growing up now today there are many more opportunities for women than there were during my grandmother time because of changes in policy changes in law all of which are very important but what matters even more is our attitude our mindset what we believe and what we value about gender what if in raising children we focus on ability instead of gender what if in raising children we focus on interest instead of gender i know family who have son and daughter both of whom are brilliant at school who are wonderful lovely children when the boy is hungry the parents say to the girl go and cook indomie noodles for your brother now the daughter does not particularly like to cook indomie noodles but she is girl and so she has to now what if the parents from the beginning taught both the boy and the girl to cook indomie cooking by the way is very useful skill for boys to have i have never thought it made sense to leave such crucial thing the ability to nourish oneself in the hands of others i know woman who has the same degree and the same job as her husband when they get back from work she does most of the housework which i think is true for many marriages but what struck me about them was that whenever her husband changed the baby diaper she said thank you to him now what if she saw this as perfectly normal and natural that he should in fact care for his child i am trying to unlearn many of the lessons of gender that i internalized when i was growing up but i sometimes still feel very vulnerable in the face of gender expectations the first time i taught writing class in graduate school i was worried i was not worried about the material i would teach because i was well prepared and i was going to teach what i enjoy teaching instead i was worried about what to wear i wanted to be taken seriously i knew that because i was female i will automatically have to prove my worth and i was worried that if i looked too feminine i would not be taken seriously i really wanted to wear my shiny lip gloss and my girly skirt but i decided not to instead i wore very serious very manly and very ugly suit because the sad truth is that when it comes to appearance we start off with men as the standard as the norm if man is getting ready for business meeting he does not worry about looking too masculine and therefore not being taken for granted if woman has to get ready for business meeting she has to worry about looking too feminine and what it says and whether or not she will be taken seriously i wish i had not worn that ugly suit that day i have actually banished it from my closet by the way had i then the confidence that i have now to be myself my students would have benefited even more from my teaching because i would have been more comfortable and more fully and more truly myself i have chosen to no longer be apologetic for my femaleness and for my femininity and i want to be respected in all of my femaleness because i deserve to be gender is not an easy conversation to have for both men and women to bring up gender is sometimes to encounter almost immediate resistance i can imagine some people here are actually thinking women too do sef some of the men here might be thinking ok all of this is interesting but i do not think like that and that is part of the problem that many men do not actively think about gender or notice gender is part of the problem of gender that many men say like my friend louis that everything is fine now and that many men do nothing to change it if you are man and you walk into restaurant with woman and the waiter greets only you does it occur to you to ask the waiter why haven you greeted her because gender can be actually we may repose part of longer version of this talk so because gender can be very uncomfortable conversation to have there are very easy ways to close it to close the conversation so some people will bring up evolutionary biology and apes how you know female apes bow down to male apes and that sort of thing but the point is we are not apes apes also live on trees and have earthworms for breakfast and we do not some people will say well poor men also have hard time and this is true but that is not what this but this is not what this conversation is about gender and class are different forms of oppression i actually learned quite bit about systems of oppression and how they can be blind to one another by talking to black men i was once talking to black man about gender and he said to me why do you have to say my experience as woman why can not it be your experience as human being now this was the same man who would often talk about his experience as black man gender matters men and women experience the world differently gender colors the way we experience the world but we can change that some people will say oh but women have the real power bottom power and for non nigerians bottom power is an expression which i suppose means something like woman who uses her sexuality to get favors from men but bottom power is not power at all bottom power means that woman simply has good root to tap into from time to time somebody else power and then of course we have to wonder what happens when that somebody else is in bad mood or sick or impotent some people will say that woman being subordinate to man is our culture but culture is constantly changing i have beautiful twin nieces who are fifteen and live in lagos if they had been born hundred years ago they would have been taken away and killed because it was our culture it was our culture to kill twins so what is the point of culture i mean there is the decorative the dancing but also culture really is about preservation and continuity of people in my family i am the child who is most interested in the story of who we are in our traditions in the knowledge about ancestral lands my brothers are not as interested as i am but i cannot participate i cannot go to umunna meetings i cannot have say because i am female culture does not make people people make culture so if it is in fact true so if it is in fact true that the full humanity of women is not our culture then we must make it our culture i think very often of my dear friend okoloma maduewesi may he and all the others who passed away in that sosoliso crash continue to rest in peace he will always be remembered by those of us who loved him and he was right that day many years ago when he called me feminist i am feminist and when i looked up the word in the dictionary that day this is what it said feminist person who believes in the social political and economic equality of the sexes my great grandmother from the stories i have heard was feminist she ran away from the house of the man she did not want to marry and ended up marrying the man of her choice she refused she protested she spoke up whenever she felt she was being deprived of access of land that sort of thing my great grandmother did not know that word feminist but it does not mean that she was not one more of us should reclaim that word my own definition of feminist is a feminist is man or woman who says a feminist is man or woman who says yes there is problem with gender as it is today and we must fix it we must do better the best feminist i know is my brother kene he is also kind good looking lovely man and he is very masculine thank you "Remove Stop Words
fem10 <- removeWords(fem9, stopwords())
fem10 #Removes stop words from standard list. Notice how much text is removed here! ## [1] " like start telling one greatest friends okoloma maduewesi okoloma lived street looked like big brother liked boy ask okoloma opinion okoloma died notorious sosoliso plane crash nigeria december almost exactly seven years ago okoloma person argue laugh truly talk also first person call feminist fourteen house arguing us bristling half bit knowledge books read remember particular argument remember argued argued okoloma looked said know feminist compliment tell tone tone use say something like supporter terrorism know exactly word feminist meant want okoloma know know brushed aside continued argue first thing planned got home look word feminist dictionary now fast forward years later wrote novel man among things beats wife whose story end well promoting novel nigeria journalist nice well meaning man told wanted advise nigerians sure familiar quick people give unsolicited advice told people saying novel feminist advice shaking head sadly spoke never call feminist feminists women unhappy find husbands decided call happy feminist academic nigerian woman told feminism culture feminism african calling feminist corrupted western books amused lot early readings decidedly unfeminist think must read every single mills boon romance published sixteen time tried read books called feminist classics get bored really struggled finish anyway since feminism un african decided now call happy african feminist point happy african feminist hate men likes lip gloss wears high heels men course lot tongue cheek word feminist heavy baggage negative baggage hate men hate bras hate african culture sort thing now story childhood primary school teacher said beginning term give class test whoever got highest score class monitor now class monitor big deal class monitor got write names noisemakers enough power teacher also give cane hold hand walk around patrol class noisemakers now course actually allowed use cane exciting prospect nine year old much wanted class monitor got highest score test surprise teacher said monitor boy forgotten make clear earlier assumed obvious boy second highest score test monitor now even interesting boy sweet gentle soul interest patrolling class cane full ambition female male became class monitor never forgotten incident often make mistake thinking something obvious just obvious everyone else now take dear friend louis example louis brilliant progressive man conversations tell know mean things different harder women maybe past now understand louis see seems self evident one evening lagos louis went friends people familiar lagos wonderful lagos fixture sprinkling energetic men hang around outside establishments dramatically help park car impressed particular theatrics man found us parking spot evening leaving decided leave tip opened bag put hand inside bag brought money earned work gave man man grateful happy took money looked across louis said thank sir louis looked surprised asked thanking give money saw realization dawn louis face man believed whatever money ultimately come louis louis man men women different different hormones different sexual organs different biological abilities women can babies men can least yet men testosterone general physically stronger women slightly women men world percent world population female positions power prestige occupied men late kenyan nobel peace laureate wangari maathai put simply well said higher go fewer women recent us elections kept hearing lilly ledbetter law go beyond nicely alliterative name law really man woman job equally qualified man paid man literal way men rule world made sense thousand years ago human beings lived world physical strength important attribute survival physically stronger person likely lead men general physically stronger course many exceptions today live vastly different world person likely lead physically stronger person creative person intelligent person innovative person hormones attributes man likely woman intelligent creative innovative evolved seems ideas gender evolved weeks ago walked lobby one best nigerian hotels thought naming hotel thought probably guard entrance stopped asked annoying questions automatic assumption nigerian female walking hotel alone sex worker way hotels focus ostensible supply rather demand sex workers lagos go alone many reputable bars clubs just let woman alone accompanied man time walk nigerian restaurant man waiter greets man ignores waiters products women felt like yes thought waiters products society taught men important women know waiters intend harm one thing know intellectually quite another feel emotionally time ignore feel invisible feel upset want tell just human man just worthy acknowledgment little things sometimes little things sting long ago wrote article means young female lagos printers told angry course angry angry gender functions today grave injustice angry anger long history bringing positive change addition angry also hopeful believe deeply ability human beings make remake better gender matters everywhere world want focus nigeria africa general know heart like today ask begin dream plan different world fairer world world happier men happier women truer start must raise daughters differently must also raise sons differently great disservice boys raise stifle humanity boys define masculinity narrow way masculinity becomes hard small cage put boys inside cage teach boys afraid fear teach boys afraid weakness vulnerability teach mask true selves nigerian speak hard man secondary school boy girl teenagers amount pocket money go boy expected always pay prove masculinity yet wonder boys likely steal money parents boys girls raised link masculinity money attitude boy pay rather whoever pay now course historical advantage mostly men will today start raising children differently fifty years hundred years boys will longer pressure prove masculinity far worst thing males making feel hard leave fragile egos hard man man feels compelled weaker ego much greater disservice girls raise cater fragile egos men teach girls shrink make smaller say girls can ambition much aim successful successful otherwise threaten man breadwinner relationship man pretend especially public otherwise will emasculate question premise woman success threat man decide simply dispose word think english word dislike emasculation nigerian acquaintance asked worried men intimidated worried fact occurred worried man intimidated exactly kind man interest still really struck female expected aspire marriage expected make life choices always keeping mind marriage important marriage can good thing can source joy love mutual support teach girls aspire marriage teach boys know woman decided sell house want intimidate man might marry know unmarried woman nigeria goes conferences wears wedding ring according wants participants conference give respect know young women much pressure family friends even work get married pushed make terrible choices woman certain age unmarried society teaches see deep personal failure man certain age unmarried just think come around making pick easy us say oh women can just say reality difficult complex social beings internalize ideas socialization even language use talking marriage relationships illustrates language marriage often language ownership rather language partnership use word respect mean something woman shows man often something man shows woman men women nigeria will say expression amused peace marriage now men say usually something anyway sometimes say friends something say friends kind fondly exasperated way know something ultimately proves masculine needed loved oh wife said can go club every night peace marriage weekends now woman says peace marriage usually talking giving job dream career teach females relationships compromise women raise girls see competitors jobs accomplishments think can good thing attention men teach girls sexual beings way boys sons mind knowing sons girlfriends daughters boyfriends god forbid course time right expect girls bring back perfect man husbands police girls praise girls virginity praise boys virginity always made wonder exactly supposed work mean loss virginity usually process involves recently young woman gang raped university nigeria think us know response many young nigerians male female something along lines yes rape wrong girl room four boys now can forget horrible inhumanity response nigerians raised think women inherently guilty raised expect little men idea men savage beings without control somehow acceptable teach girls shame close legs cover make feel though born female already guilty something girls grow women see desire grow women silence grow women say truly think grow worst thing girls grow women turned pretense art form know woman hates domestic work just hates pretends likes taught good wife material use nigerian word homely got married husband family began complain changed actually changed just got tired pretending problem gender prescribes rather recognizing now imagine much happier much freer true individual selves weight gender expectations boys girls undeniably different biologically socialization exaggerates differences becomes self fulfilling process now take cooking example today women general likely housework men cooking cleaning women born cooking gene years socialized see cooking role actually going say maybe women born cooking gene remember majority famous cooks world give fancy title chefs men used look grandmother brilliant brilliant woman wonder opportunities men growing now today many opportunities women grandmother time changes policy changes law important matters even attitude mindset believe value gender raising children focus ability instead gender raising children focus interest instead gender know family son daughter brilliant school wonderful lovely children boy hungry parents say girl go cook indomie noodles brother now daughter particularly like cook indomie noodles girl now parents beginning taught boy girl cook indomie cooking way useful skill boys never thought made sense leave crucial thing ability nourish oneself hands others know woman degree job husband get back work housework think true many marriages struck whenever husband changed baby diaper said thank now saw perfectly normal natural fact care child trying unlearn many lessons gender internalized growing sometimes still feel vulnerable face gender expectations first time taught writing class graduate school worried worried material teach well prepared going teach enjoy teaching instead worried wear wanted taken seriously knew female will automatically prove worth worried looked feminine taken seriously really wanted wear shiny lip gloss girly skirt decided instead wore serious manly ugly suit sad truth comes appearance start men standard norm man getting ready business meeting worry looking masculine therefore taken granted woman get ready business meeting worry looking feminine says whether will taken seriously wish worn ugly suit day actually banished closet way confidence now students benefited even teaching comfortable fully truly chosen longer apologetic femaleness femininity want respected femaleness deserve gender easy conversation men women bring gender sometimes encounter almost immediate resistance can imagine people actually thinking women sef men might thinking ok interesting think like part problem many men actively think gender notice gender part problem gender many men say like friend louis everything fine now many men nothing change man walk restaurant woman waiter greets occur ask waiter haven greeted gender can actually may repose part longer version talk gender can uncomfortable conversation easy ways close close conversation people will bring evolutionary biology apes know female apes bow male apes sort thing point apes apes also live trees earthworms breakfast people will say well poor men also hard time true conversation gender class different forms oppression actually learned quite bit systems oppression can blind one another talking black men talking black man gender said say experience woman can experience human now man often talk experience black man gender matters men women experience world differently gender colors way experience world can change people will say oh women real power bottom power non nigerians bottom power expression suppose means something like woman uses sexuality get favors men bottom power power bottom power means woman simply good root tap time time somebody else power course wonder happens somebody else bad mood sick impotent people will say woman subordinate man culture culture constantly changing beautiful twin nieces fifteen live lagos born hundred years ago taken away killed culture culture kill twins point culture mean decorative dancing also culture really preservation continuity people family child interested story traditions knowledge ancestral lands brothers interested participate go umunna meetings say female culture make people people make culture fact true fact true full humanity women culture must make culture think often dear friend okoloma maduewesi may others passed away sosoliso crash continue rest peace will always remembered us loved right day many years ago called feminist feminist looked word dictionary day said feminist person believes social political economic equality sexes great grandmother stories heard feminist ran away house man want marry ended marrying man choice refused protested spoke whenever felt deprived access land sort thing great grandmother know word feminist mean one us reclaim word definition feminist feminist man woman says feminist man woman says yes problem gender today must fix must better best feminist know brother kene also kind good looking lovely man masculine thank "Strip Whitespace
fem10 <- stripWhitespace(fem10)
fem10 #Strip whitespace and print## [1] " like start telling one greatest friends okoloma maduewesi okoloma lived street looked like big brother liked boy ask okoloma opinion okoloma died notorious sosoliso plane crash nigeria december almost exactly seven years ago okoloma person argue laugh truly talk also first person call feminist fourteen house arguing us bristling half bit knowledge books read remember particular argument remember argued argued okoloma looked said know feminist compliment tell tone tone use say something like supporter terrorism know exactly word feminist meant want okoloma know know brushed aside continued argue first thing planned got home look word feminist dictionary now fast forward years later wrote novel man among things beats wife whose story end well promoting novel nigeria journalist nice well meaning man told wanted advise nigerians sure familiar quick people give unsolicited advice told people saying novel feminist advice shaking head sadly spoke never call feminist feminists women unhappy find husbands decided call happy feminist academic nigerian woman told feminism culture feminism african calling feminist corrupted western books amused lot early readings decidedly unfeminist think must read every single mills boon romance published sixteen time tried read books called feminist classics get bored really struggled finish anyway since feminism un african decided now call happy african feminist point happy african feminist hate men likes lip gloss wears high heels men course lot tongue cheek word feminist heavy baggage negative baggage hate men hate bras hate african culture sort thing now story childhood primary school teacher said beginning term give class test whoever got highest score class monitor now class monitor big deal class monitor got write names noisemakers enough power teacher also give cane hold hand walk around patrol class noisemakers now course actually allowed use cane exciting prospect nine year old much wanted class monitor got highest score test surprise teacher said monitor boy forgotten make clear earlier assumed obvious boy second highest score test monitor now even interesting boy sweet gentle soul interest patrolling class cane full ambition female male became class monitor never forgotten incident often make mistake thinking something obvious just obvious everyone else now take dear friend louis example louis brilliant progressive man conversations tell know mean things different harder women maybe past now understand louis see seems self evident one evening lagos louis went friends people familiar lagos wonderful lagos fixture sprinkling energetic men hang around outside establishments dramatically help park car impressed particular theatrics man found us parking spot evening leaving decided leave tip opened bag put hand inside bag brought money earned work gave man man grateful happy took money looked across louis said thank sir louis looked surprised asked thanking give money saw realization dawn louis face man believed whatever money ultimately come louis louis man men women different different hormones different sexual organs different biological abilities women can babies men can least yet men testosterone general physically stronger women slightly women men world percent world population female positions power prestige occupied men late kenyan nobel peace laureate wangari maathai put simply well said higher go fewer women recent us elections kept hearing lilly ledbetter law go beyond nicely alliterative name law really man woman job equally qualified man paid man literal way men rule world made sense thousand years ago human beings lived world physical strength important attribute survival physically stronger person likely lead men general physically stronger course many exceptions today live vastly different world person likely lead physically stronger person creative person intelligent person innovative person hormones attributes man likely woman intelligent creative innovative evolved seems ideas gender evolved weeks ago walked lobby one best nigerian hotels thought naming hotel thought probably guard entrance stopped asked annoying questions automatic assumption nigerian female walking hotel alone sex worker way hotels focus ostensible supply rather demand sex workers lagos go alone many reputable bars clubs just let woman alone accompanied man time walk nigerian restaurant man waiter greets man ignores waiters products women felt like yes thought waiters products society taught men important women know waiters intend harm one thing know intellectually quite another feel emotionally time ignore feel invisible feel upset want tell just human man just worthy acknowledgment little things sometimes little things sting long ago wrote article means young female lagos printers told angry course angry angry gender functions today grave injustice angry anger long history bringing positive change addition angry also hopeful believe deeply ability human beings make remake better gender matters everywhere world want focus nigeria africa general know heart like today ask begin dream plan different world fairer world world happier men happier women truer start must raise daughters differently must also raise sons differently great disservice boys raise stifle humanity boys define masculinity narrow way masculinity becomes hard small cage put boys inside cage teach boys afraid fear teach boys afraid weakness vulnerability teach mask true selves nigerian speak hard man secondary school boy girl teenagers amount pocket money go boy expected always pay prove masculinity yet wonder boys likely steal money parents boys girls raised link masculinity money attitude boy pay rather whoever pay now course historical advantage mostly men will today start raising children differently fifty years hundred years boys will longer pressure prove masculinity far worst thing males making feel hard leave fragile egos hard man man feels compelled weaker ego much greater disservice girls raise cater fragile egos men teach girls shrink make smaller say girls can ambition much aim successful successful otherwise threaten man breadwinner relationship man pretend especially public otherwise will emasculate question premise woman success threat man decide simply dispose word think english word dislike emasculation nigerian acquaintance asked worried men intimidated worried fact occurred worried man intimidated exactly kind man interest still really struck female expected aspire marriage expected make life choices always keeping mind marriage important marriage can good thing can source joy love mutual support teach girls aspire marriage teach boys know woman decided sell house want intimidate man might marry know unmarried woman nigeria goes conferences wears wedding ring according wants participants conference give respect know young women much pressure family friends even work get married pushed make terrible choices woman certain age unmarried society teaches see deep personal failure man certain age unmarried just think come around making pick easy us say oh women can just say reality difficult complex social beings internalize ideas socialization even language use talking marriage relationships illustrates language marriage often language ownership rather language partnership use word respect mean something woman shows man often something man shows woman men women nigeria will say expression amused peace marriage now men say usually something anyway sometimes say friends something say friends kind fondly exasperated way know something ultimately proves masculine needed loved oh wife said can go club every night peace marriage weekends now woman says peace marriage usually talking giving job dream career teach females relationships compromise women raise girls see competitors jobs accomplishments think can good thing attention men teach girls sexual beings way boys sons mind knowing sons girlfriends daughters boyfriends god forbid course time right expect girls bring back perfect man husbands police girls praise girls virginity praise boys virginity always made wonder exactly supposed work mean loss virginity usually process involves recently young woman gang raped university nigeria think us know response many young nigerians male female something along lines yes rape wrong girl room four boys now can forget horrible inhumanity response nigerians raised think women inherently guilty raised expect little men idea men savage beings without control somehow acceptable teach girls shame close legs cover make feel though born female already guilty something girls grow women see desire grow women silence grow women say truly think grow worst thing girls grow women turned pretense art form know woman hates domestic work just hates pretends likes taught good wife material use nigerian word homely got married husband family began complain changed actually changed just got tired pretending problem gender prescribes rather recognizing now imagine much happier much freer true individual selves weight gender expectations boys girls undeniably different biologically socialization exaggerates differences becomes self fulfilling process now take cooking example today women general likely housework men cooking cleaning women born cooking gene years socialized see cooking role actually going say maybe women born cooking gene remember majority famous cooks world give fancy title chefs men used look grandmother brilliant brilliant woman wonder opportunities men growing now today many opportunities women grandmother time changes policy changes law important matters even attitude mindset believe value gender raising children focus ability instead gender raising children focus interest instead gender know family son daughter brilliant school wonderful lovely children boy hungry parents say girl go cook indomie noodles brother now daughter particularly like cook indomie noodles girl now parents beginning taught boy girl cook indomie cooking way useful skill boys never thought made sense leave crucial thing ability nourish oneself hands others know woman degree job husband get back work housework think true many marriages struck whenever husband changed baby diaper said thank now saw perfectly normal natural fact care child trying unlearn many lessons gender internalized growing sometimes still feel vulnerable face gender expectations first time taught writing class graduate school worried worried material teach well prepared going teach enjoy teaching instead worried wear wanted taken seriously knew female will automatically prove worth worried looked feminine taken seriously really wanted wear shiny lip gloss girly skirt decided instead wore serious manly ugly suit sad truth comes appearance start men standard norm man getting ready business meeting worry looking masculine therefore taken granted woman get ready business meeting worry looking feminine says whether will taken seriously wish worn ugly suit day actually banished closet way confidence now students benefited even teaching comfortable fully truly chosen longer apologetic femaleness femininity want respected femaleness deserve gender easy conversation men women bring gender sometimes encounter almost immediate resistance can imagine people actually thinking women sef men might thinking ok interesting think like part problem many men actively think gender notice gender part problem gender many men say like friend louis everything fine now many men nothing change man walk restaurant woman waiter greets occur ask waiter haven greeted gender can actually may repose part longer version talk gender can uncomfortable conversation easy ways close close conversation people will bring evolutionary biology apes know female apes bow male apes sort thing point apes apes also live trees earthworms breakfast people will say well poor men also hard time true conversation gender class different forms oppression actually learned quite bit systems oppression can blind one another talking black men talking black man gender said say experience woman can experience human now man often talk experience black man gender matters men women experience world differently gender colors way experience world can change people will say oh women real power bottom power non nigerians bottom power expression suppose means something like woman uses sexuality get favors men bottom power power bottom power means woman simply good root tap time time somebody else power course wonder happens somebody else bad mood sick impotent people will say woman subordinate man culture culture constantly changing beautiful twin nieces fifteen live lagos born hundred years ago taken away killed culture culture kill twins point culture mean decorative dancing also culture really preservation continuity people family child interested story traditions knowledge ancestral lands brothers interested participate go umunna meetings say female culture make people people make culture fact true fact true full humanity women culture must make culture think often dear friend okoloma maduewesi may others passed away sosoliso crash continue rest peace will always remembered us loved right day many years ago called feminist feminist looked word dictionary day said feminist person believes social political economic equality sexes great grandmother stories heard feminist ran away house man want marry ended marrying man choice refused protested spoke whenever felt deprived access land sort thing great grandmother know word feminist mean one us reclaim word definition feminist feminist man woman says feminist man woman says yes problem gender today must fix must better best feminist know brother kene also kind good looking lovely man masculine thank "Tokenizing and Unlisting the Data
Now that I have cleaned much of the data, I want to look at the data item by item.
fem10 <- str_split(fem10, " ") %>% unlist() #Here, I used string split to separate the data by commas into individual tokens. This created a list, which I piped into the unlist function.
fem10 <- stri_omit_empty(fem10, na_empty = T) #Remove empty tokens
head(fem10) #Check first entries ## [1] "like" "start" "telling" "one" "greatest" "friends"str(fem10) #Examine structure## chr [1:2016] "like" "start" "telling" "one" "greatest" "friends" "okoloma" ...Where am I with this text?
Let’s take a look. I know I have 2,016 rows in my character vector but I want to see how far I have come in my cleaning process.
writeLines(fem10, con = "feminists_adiche_v2.txt") #save current file to txt format. I placed screenshots below for easy inspection.
Top: Original text file. Bottom: Current text file.
praise()## [1] "You are doozie!"Sentiment Analysis
Sentiment analysis provides an index of the emotional valence of all the items in a given corpus. Here, I matched all of the words in my character vector to a database of “positive” and “negative” words.
First, I imported a corpus of positive words from here:
http://ptrckprry.com/course/ssd/data/positive-words.txt
Next, I imported a corpus of negative words from here:
http://ptrckprry.com/course/ssd/data/negative-words.txt
pos <- readLines("positive-words.txt") #import positive words
print(pos)## [1] "a+" "abound" "abounds"
## [4] "abundance" "abundant" "accessable"
## [7] "accessible" "acclaim" "acclaimed"
## [10] "acclamation" "accolade" "accolades"
## [13] "accommodative" "accomodative" "accomplish"
## [16] "accomplished" "accomplishment" "accomplishments"
## [19] "accurate" "accurately" "achievable"
## [22] "achievement" "achievements" "achievible"
## [25] "acumen" "adaptable" "adaptive"
## [28] "adequate" "adjustable" "admirable"
## [31] "admirably" "admiration" "admire"
## [34] "admirer" "admiring" "admiringly"
## [37] "adorable" "adore" "adored"
## [40] "adorer" "adoring" "adoringly"
## [43] "adroit" "adroitly" "adulate"
## [46] "adulation" "adulatory" "advanced"
## [49] "advantage" "advantageous" "advantageously"
## [52] "advantages" "adventuresome" "adventurous"
## [55] "advocate" "advocated" "advocates"
## [58] "affability" "affable" "affably"
## [61] "affectation" "affection" "affectionate"
## [64] "affinity" "affirm" "affirmation"
## [67] "affirmative" "affluence" "affluent"
## [70] "afford" "affordable" "affordably"
## [73] "afordable" "agile" "agilely"
## [76] "agility" "agreeable" "agreeableness"
## [79] "agreeably" "all-around" "alluring"
## [82] "alluringly" "altruistic" "altruistically"
## [85] "amaze" "amazed" "amazement"
## [88] "amazes" "amazing" "amazingly"
## [91] "ambitious" "ambitiously" "ameliorate"
## [94] "amenable" "amenity" "amiability"
## [97] "amiabily" "amiable" "amicability"
## [100] "amicable" "amicably" "amity"
## [103] "ample" "amply" "amuse"
## [106] "amusing" "amusingly" "angel"
## [109] "angelic" "apotheosis" "appeal"
## [112] "appealing" "applaud" "appreciable"
## [115] "appreciate" "appreciated" "appreciates"
## [118] "appreciative" "appreciatively" "appropriate"
## [121] "approval" "approve" "ardent"
## [124] "ardently" "ardor" "articulate"
## [127] "aspiration" "aspirations" "aspire"
## [130] "assurance" "assurances" "assure"
## [133] "assuredly" "assuring" "astonish"
## [136] "astonished" "astonishing" "astonishingly"
## [139] "astonishment" "astound" "astounded"
## [142] "astounding" "astoundingly" "astutely"
## [145] "attentive" "attraction" "attractive"
## [148] "attractively" "attune" "audible"
## [151] "audibly" "auspicious" "authentic"
## [154] "authoritative" "autonomous" "available"
## [157] "aver" "avid" "avidly"
## [160] "award" "awarded" "awards"
## [163] "awe" "awed" "awesome"
## [166] "awesomely" "awesomeness" "awestruck"
## [169] "awsome" "backbone" "balanced"
## [172] "bargain" "beauteous" "beautiful"
## [175] "beautifullly" "beautifully" "beautify"
## [178] "beauty" "beckon" "beckoned"
## [181] "beckoning" "beckons" "believable"
## [184] "believeable" "beloved" "benefactor"
## [187] "beneficent" "beneficial" "beneficially"
## [190] "beneficiary" "benefit" "benefits"
## [193] "benevolence" "benevolent" "benifits"
## [196] "best" "best-known" "best-performing"
## [199] "best-selling" "better" "better-known"
## [202] "better-than-expected" "beutifully" "blameless"
## [205] "bless" "blessing" "bliss"
## [208] "blissful" "blissfully" "blithe"
## [211] "blockbuster" "bloom" "blossom"
## [214] "bolster" "bonny" "bonus"
## [217] "bonuses" "boom" "booming"
## [220] "boost" "boundless" "bountiful"
## [223] "brainiest" "brainy" "brand-new"
## [226] "brave" "bravery" "bravo"
## [229] "breakthrough" "breakthroughs" "breathlessness"
## [232] "breathtaking" "breathtakingly" "breeze"
## [235] "bright" "brighten" "brighter"
## [238] "brightest" "brilliance" "brilliances"
## [241] "brilliant" "brilliantly" "brisk"
## [244] "brotherly" "bullish" "buoyant"
## [247] "cajole" "calm" "calming"
## [250] "calmness" "capability" "capable"
## [253] "capably" "captivate" "captivating"
## [256] "carefree" "cashback" "cashbacks"
## [259] "catchy" "celebrate" "celebrated"
## [262] "celebration" "celebratory" "champ"
## [265] "champion" "charisma" "charismatic"
## [268] "charitable" "charm" "charming"
## [271] "charmingly" "chaste" "cheaper"
## [274] "cheapest" "cheer" "cheerful"
## [277] "cheery" "cherish" "cherished"
## [280] "cherub" "chic" "chivalrous"
## [283] "chivalry" "civility" "civilize"
## [286] "clarity" "classic" "classy"
## [289] "clean" "cleaner" "cleanest"
## [292] "cleanliness" "cleanly" "clear"
## [295] "clear-cut" "cleared" "clearer"
## [298] "clearly" "clears" "clever"
## [301] "cleverly" "cohere" "coherence"
## [304] "coherent" "cohesive" "colorful"
## [307] "comely" "comfort" "comfortable"
## [310] "comfortably" "comforting" "comfy"
## [313] "commend" "commendable" "commendably"
## [316] "commitment" "commodious" "compact"
## [319] "compactly" "compassion" "compassionate"
## [322] "compatible" "competitive" "complement"
## [325] "complementary" "complemented" "complements"
## [328] "compliant" "compliment" "complimentary"
## [331] "comprehensive" "conciliate" "conciliatory"
## [334] "concise" "confidence" "confident"
## [337] "congenial" "congratulate" "congratulation"
## [340] "congratulations" "congratulatory" "conscientious"
## [343] "considerate" "consistent" "consistently"
## [346] "constructive" "consummate" "contentment"
## [349] "continuity" "contrasty" "contribution"
## [352] "convenience" "convenient" "conveniently"
## [355] "convience" "convienient" "convient"
## [358] "convincing" "convincingly" "cool"
## [361] "coolest" "cooperative" "cooperatively"
## [364] "cornerstone" "correct" "correctly"
## [367] "cost-effective" "cost-saving" "counter-attack"
## [370] "counter-attacks" "courage" "courageous"
## [373] "courageously" "courageousness" "courteous"
## [376] "courtly" "covenant" "cozy"
## [379] "creative" "credence" "credible"
## [382] "crisp" "crisper" "cure"
## [385] "cure-all" "cushy" "cute"
## [388] "cuteness" "danke" "danken"
## [391] "daring" "daringly" "darling"
## [394] "dashing" "dauntless" "dawn"
## [397] "dazzle" "dazzled" "dazzling"
## [400] "dead-cheap" "dead-on" "decency"
## [403] "decent" "decisive" "decisiveness"
## [406] "dedicated" "defeat" "defeated"
## [409] "defeating" "defeats" "defender"
## [412] "deference" "deft" "deginified"
## [415] "delectable" "delicacy" "delicate"
## [418] "delicious" "delight" "delighted"
## [421] "delightful" "delightfully" "delightfulness"
## [424] "dependable" "dependably" "deservedly"
## [427] "deserving" "desirable" "desiring"
## [430] "desirous" "destiny" "detachable"
## [433] "devout" "dexterous" "dexterously"
## [436] "dextrous" "dignified" "dignify"
## [439] "dignity" "diligence" "diligent"
## [442] "diligently" "diplomatic" "dirt-cheap"
## [445] "distinction" "distinctive" "distinguished"
## [448] "diversified" "divine" "divinely"
## [451] "dominate" "dominated" "dominates"
## [454] "dote" "dotingly" "doubtless"
## [457] "dreamland" "dumbfounded" "dumbfounding"
## [460] "dummy-proof" "durable" "dynamic"
## [463] "eager" "eagerly" "eagerness"
## [466] "earnest" "earnestly" "earnestness"
## [469] "ease" "eased" "eases"
## [472] "easier" "easiest" "easiness"
## [475] "easing" "easy" "easy-to-use"
## [478] "easygoing" "ebullience" "ebullient"
## [481] "ebulliently" "ecenomical" "economical"
## [484] "ecstasies" "ecstasy" "ecstatic"
## [487] "ecstatically" "edify" "educated"
## [490] "effective" "effectively" "effectiveness"
## [493] "effectual" "efficacious" "efficient"
## [496] "efficiently" "effortless" "effortlessly"
## [499] "effusion" "effusive" "effusively"
## [502] "effusiveness" "elan" "elate"
## [505] "elated" "elatedly" "elation"
## [508] "electrify" "elegance" "elegant"
## [511] "elegantly" "elevate" "elite"
## [514] "eloquence" "eloquent" "eloquently"
## [517] "embolden" "eminence" "eminent"
## [520] "empathize" "empathy" "empower"
## [523] "empowerment" "enchant" "enchanted"
## [526] "enchanting" "enchantingly" "encourage"
## [529] "encouragement" "encouraging" "encouragingly"
## [532] "endear" "endearing" "endorse"
## [535] "endorsed" "endorsement" "endorses"
## [538] "endorsing" "energetic" "energize"
## [541] "energy-efficient" "energy-saving" "engaging"
## [544] "engrossing" "enhance" "enhanced"
## [547] "enhancement" "enhances" "enjoy"
## [550] "enjoyable" "enjoyably" "enjoyed"
## [553] "enjoying" "enjoyment" "enjoys"
## [556] "enlighten" "enlightenment" "enliven"
## [559] "ennoble" "enough" "enrapt"
## [562] "enrapture" "enraptured" "enrich"
## [565] "enrichment" "enterprising" "entertain"
## [568] "entertaining" "entertains" "enthral"
## [571] "enthrall" "enthralled" "enthuse"
## [574] "enthusiasm" "enthusiast" "enthusiastic"
## [577] "enthusiastically" "entice" "enticed"
## [580] "enticing" "enticingly" "entranced"
## [583] "entrancing" "entrust" "enviable"
## [586] "enviably" "envious" "enviously"
## [589] "enviousness" "envy" "equitable"
## [592] "ergonomical" "err-free" "erudite"
## [595] "ethical" "eulogize" "euphoria"
## [598] "euphoric" "euphorically" "evaluative"
## [601] "evenly" "eventful" "everlasting"
## [604] "evocative" "exalt" "exaltation"
## [607] "exalted" "exaltedly" "exalting"
## [610] "exaltingly" "examplar" "examplary"
## [613] "excallent" "exceed" "exceeded"
## [616] "exceeding" "exceedingly" "exceeds"
## [619] "excel" "exceled" "excelent"
## [622] "excellant" "excelled" "excellence"
## [625] "excellency" "excellent" "excellently"
## [628] "excels" "exceptional" "exceptionally"
## [631] "excite" "excited" "excitedly"
## [634] "excitedness" "excitement" "excites"
## [637] "exciting" "excitingly" "exellent"
## [640] "exemplar" "exemplary" "exhilarate"
## [643] "exhilarating" "exhilaratingly" "exhilaration"
## [646] "exonerate" "expansive" "expeditiously"
## [649] "expertly" "exquisite" "exquisitely"
## [652] "extol" "extoll" "extraordinarily"
## [655] "extraordinary" "exuberance" "exuberant"
## [658] "exuberantly" "exult" "exultant"
## [661] "exultation" "exultingly" "eye-catch"
## [664] "eye-catching" "eyecatch" "eyecatching"
## [667] "fabulous" "fabulously" "facilitate"
## [670] "fair" "fairly" "fairness"
## [673] "faith" "faithful" "faithfully"
## [676] "faithfulness" "fame" "famed"
## [679] "famous" "famously" "fancier"
## [682] "fancinating" "fancy" "fanfare"
## [685] "fans" "fantastic" "fantastically"
## [688] "fascinate" "fascinating" "fascinatingly"
## [691] "fascination" "fashionable" "fashionably"
## [694] "fast" "fast-growing" "fast-paced"
## [697] "faster" "fastest" "fastest-growing"
## [700] "faultless" "fav" "fave"
## [703] "favor" "favorable" "favored"
## [706] "favorite" "favorited" "favour"
## [709] "fearless" "fearlessly" "feasible"
## [712] "feasibly" "feat" "feature-rich"
## [715] "fecilitous" "feisty" "felicitate"
## [718] "felicitous" "felicity" "fertile"
## [721] "fervent" "fervently" "fervid"
## [724] "fervidly" "fervor" "festive"
## [727] "fidelity" "fiery" "fine"
## [730] "fine-looking" "finely" "finer"
## [733] "finest" "firmer" "first-class"
## [736] "first-in-class" "first-rate" "flashy"
## [739] "flatter" "flattering" "flatteringly"
## [742] "flawless" "flawlessly" "flexibility"
## [745] "flexible" "flourish" "flourishing"
## [748] "fluent" "flutter" "fond"
## [751] "fondly" "fondness" "foolproof"
## [754] "foremost" "foresight" "formidable"
## [757] "fortitude" "fortuitous" "fortuitously"
## [760] "fortunate" "fortunately" "fortune"
## [763] "fragrant" "free" "freed"
## [766] "freedom" "freedoms" "fresh"
## [769] "fresher" "freshest" "friendliness"
## [772] "friendly" "frolic" "frugal"
## [775] "fruitful" "ftw" "fulfillment"
## [778] "fun" "futurestic" "futuristic"
## [781] "gaiety" "gaily" "gain"
## [784] "gained" "gainful" "gainfully"
## [787] "gaining" "gains" "gallant"
## [790] "gallantly" "galore" "geekier"
## [793] "geeky" "gem" "gems"
## [796] "generosity" "generous" "generously"
## [799] "genial" "genius" "gentle"
## [802] "gentlest" "genuine" "gifted"
## [805] "glad" "gladden" "gladly"
## [808] "gladness" "glamorous" "glee"
## [811] "gleeful" "gleefully" "glimmer"
## [814] "glimmering" "glisten" "glistening"
## [817] "glitter" "glitz" "glorify"
## [820] "glorious" "gloriously" "glory"
## [823] "glow" "glowing" "glowingly"
## [826] "god-given" "god-send" "godlike"
## [829] "godsend" "gold" "golden"
## [832] "good" "goodly" "goodness"
## [835] "goodwill" "goood" "gooood"
## [838] "gorgeous" "gorgeously" "grace"
## [841] "graceful" "gracefully" "gracious"
## [844] "graciously" "graciousness" "grand"
## [847] "grandeur" "grateful" "gratefully"
## [850] "gratification" "gratified" "gratifies"
## [853] "gratify" "gratifying" "gratifyingly"
## [856] "gratitude" "great" "greatest"
## [859] "greatness" "grin" "groundbreaking"
## [862] "guarantee" "guidance" "guiltless"
## [865] "gumption" "gush" "gusto"
## [868] "gutsy" "hail" "halcyon"
## [871] "hale" "hallmark" "hallmarks"
## [874] "hallowed" "handier" "handily"
## [877] "hands-down" "handsome" "handsomely"
## [880] "handy" "happier" "happily"
## [883] "happiness" "happy" "hard-working"
## [886] "hardier" "hardy" "harmless"
## [889] "harmonious" "harmoniously" "harmonize"
## [892] "harmony" "headway" "heal"
## [895] "healthful" "healthy" "hearten"
## [898] "heartening" "heartfelt" "heartily"
## [901] "heartwarming" "heaven" "heavenly"
## [904] "helped" "helpful" "helping"
## [907] "hero" "heroic" "heroically"
## [910] "heroine" "heroize" "heros"
## [913] "high-quality" "high-spirited" "hilarious"
## [916] "holy" "homage" "honest"
## [919] "honesty" "honor" "honorable"
## [922] "honored" "honoring" "hooray"
## [925] "hopeful" "hospitable" "hot"
## [928] "hotcake" "hotcakes" "hottest"
## [931] "hug" "humane" "humble"
## [934] "humility" "humor" "humorous"
## [937] "humorously" "humour" "humourous"
## [940] "ideal" "idealize" "ideally"
## [943] "idol" "idolize" "idolized"
## [946] "idyllic" "illuminate" "illuminati"
## [949] "illuminating" "illumine" "illustrious"
## [952] "ilu" "imaculate" "imaginative"
## [955] "immaculate" "immaculately" "immense"
## [958] "impartial" "impartiality" "impartially"
## [961] "impassioned" "impeccable" "impeccably"
## [964] "important" "impress" "impressed"
## [967] "impresses" "impressive" "impressively"
## [970] "impressiveness" "improve" "improved"
## [973] "improvement" "improvements" "improves"
## [976] "improving" "incredible" "incredibly"
## [979] "indebted" "individualized" "indulgence"
## [982] "indulgent" "industrious" "inestimable"
## [985] "inestimably" "inexpensive" "infallibility"
## [988] "infallible" "infallibly" "influential"
## [991] "ingenious" "ingeniously" "ingenuity"
## [994] "ingenuous" "ingenuously" "innocuous"
## [997] "innovation" "innovative" "inpressed"
## [1000] "insightful" "insightfully" "inspiration"
## [1003] "inspirational" "inspire" "inspiring"
## [1006] "instantly" "instructive" "instrumental"
## [1009] "integral" "integrated" "intelligence"
## [1012] "intelligent" "intelligible" "interesting"
## [1015] "interests" "intimacy" "intimate"
## [1018] "intricate" "intrigue" "intriguing"
## [1021] "intriguingly" "intuitive" "invaluable"
## [1024] "invaluablely" "inventive" "invigorate"
## [1027] "invigorating" "invincibility" "invincible"
## [1030] "inviolable" "inviolate" "invulnerable"
## [1033] "irreplaceable" "irreproachable" "irresistible"
## [1036] "irresistibly" "issue-free" "jaw-droping"
## [1039] "jaw-dropping" "jollify" "jolly"
## [1042] "jovial" "joy" "joyful"
## [1045] "joyfully" "joyous" "joyously"
## [1048] "jubilant" "jubilantly" "jubilate"
## [1051] "jubilation" "jubiliant" "judicious"
## [1054] "justly" "keen" "keenly"
## [1057] "keenness" "kid-friendly" "kindliness"
## [1060] "kindly" "kindness" "knowledgeable"
## [1063] "kudos" "large-capacity" "laud"
## [1066] "laudable" "laudably" "lavish"
## [1069] "lavishly" "law-abiding" "lawful"
## [1072] "lawfully" "lead" "leading"
## [1075] "leads" "lean" "led"
## [1078] "legendary" "leverage" "levity"
## [1081] "liberate" "liberation" "liberty"
## [1084] "lifesaver" "light-hearted" "lighter"
## [1087] "likable" "like" "liked"
## [1090] "likes" "liking" "lionhearted"
## [1093] "lively" "logical" "long-lasting"
## [1096] "lovable" "lovably" "love"
## [1099] "loved" "loveliness" "lovely"
## [1102] "lover" "loves" "loving"
## [1105] "low-cost" "low-price" "low-priced"
## [1108] "low-risk" "lower-priced" "loyal"
## [1111] "loyalty" "lucid" "lucidly"
## [1114] "luck" "luckier" "luckiest"
## [1117] "luckiness" "lucky" "lucrative"
## [1120] "luminous" "lush" "luster"
## [1123] "lustrous" "luxuriant" "luxuriate"
## [1126] "luxurious" "luxuriously" "luxury"
## [1129] "lyrical" "magic" "magical"
## [1132] "magnanimous" "magnanimously" "magnificence"
## [1135] "magnificent" "magnificently" "majestic"
## [1138] "majesty" "manageable" "maneuverable"
## [1141] "marvel" "marveled" "marvelled"
## [1144] "marvellous" "marvelous" "marvelously"
## [1147] "marvelousness" "marvels" "master"
## [1150] "masterful" "masterfully" "masterpiece"
## [1153] "masterpieces" "masters" "mastery"
## [1156] "matchless" "mature" "maturely"
## [1159] "maturity" "meaningful" "memorable"
## [1162] "merciful" "mercifully" "mercy"
## [1165] "merit" "meritorious" "merrily"
## [1168] "merriment" "merriness" "merry"
## [1171] "mesmerize" "mesmerized" "mesmerizes"
## [1174] "mesmerizing" "mesmerizingly" "meticulous"
## [1177] "meticulously" "mightily" "mighty"
## [1180] "mind-blowing" "miracle" "miracles"
## [1183] "miraculous" "miraculously" "miraculousness"
## [1186] "modern" "modest" "modesty"
## [1189] "momentous" "monumental" "monumentally"
## [1192] "morality" "motivated" "multi-purpose"
## [1195] "navigable" "neat" "neatest"
## [1198] "neatly" "nice" "nicely"
## [1201] "nicer" "nicest" "nifty"
## [1204] "nimble" "noble" "nobly"
## [1207] "noiseless" "non-violence" "non-violent"
## [1210] "notably" "noteworthy" "nourish"
## [1213] "nourishing" "nourishment" "novelty"
## [1216] "nurturing" "oasis" "obsession"
## [1219] "obsessions" "obtainable" "openly"
## [1222] "openness" "optimal" "optimism"
## [1225] "optimistic" "opulent" "orderly"
## [1228] "originality" "outdo" "outdone"
## [1231] "outperform" "outperformed" "outperforming"
## [1234] "outperforms" "outshine" "outshone"
## [1237] "outsmart" "outstanding" "outstandingly"
## [1240] "outstrip" "outwit" "ovation"
## [1243] "overjoyed" "overtake" "overtaken"
## [1246] "overtakes" "overtaking" "overtook"
## [1249] "overture" "pain-free" "painless"
## [1252] "painlessly" "palatial" "pamper"
## [1255] "pampered" "pamperedly" "pamperedness"
## [1258] "pampers" "panoramic" "paradise"
## [1261] "paramount" "pardon" "passion"
## [1264] "passionate" "passionately" "patience"
## [1267] "patient" "patiently" "patriot"
## [1270] "patriotic" "peace" "peaceable"
## [1273] "peaceful" "peacefully" "peacekeepers"
## [1276] "peach" "peerless" "pep"
## [1279] "pepped" "pepping" "peppy"
## [1282] "peps" "perfect" "perfection"
## [1285] "perfectly" "permissible" "perseverance"
## [1288] "persevere" "personages" "personalized"
## [1291] "phenomenal" "phenomenally" "picturesque"
## [1294] "piety" "pinnacle" "playful"
## [1297] "playfully" "pleasant" "pleasantly"
## [1300] "pleased" "pleases" "pleasing"
## [1303] "pleasingly" "pleasurable" "pleasurably"
## [1306] "pleasure" "plentiful" "pluses"
## [1309] "plush" "plusses" "poetic"
## [1312] "poeticize" "poignant" "poise"
## [1315] "poised" "polished" "polite"
## [1318] "politeness" "popular" "portable"
## [1321] "posh" "positive" "positively"
## [1324] "positives" "powerful" "powerfully"
## [1327] "praise" "praiseworthy" "praising"
## [1330] "pre-eminent" "precious" "precise"
## [1333] "precisely" "preeminent" "prefer"
## [1336] "preferable" "preferably" "prefered"
## [1339] "preferes" "preferring" "prefers"
## [1342] "premier" "prestige" "prestigious"
## [1345] "prettily" "pretty" "priceless"
## [1348] "pride" "principled" "privilege"
## [1351] "privileged" "prize" "proactive"
## [1354] "problem-free" "problem-solver" "prodigious"
## [1357] "prodigiously" "prodigy" "productive"
## [1360] "productively" "proficient" "proficiently"
## [1363] "profound" "profoundly" "profuse"
## [1366] "profusion" "progress" "progressive"
## [1369] "prolific" "prominence" "prominent"
## [1372] "promise" "promised" "promises"
## [1375] "promising" "promoter" "prompt"
## [1378] "promptly" "proper" "properly"
## [1381] "propitious" "propitiously" "pros"
## [1384] "prosper" "prosperity" "prosperous"
## [1387] "prospros" "protect" "protection"
## [1390] "protective" "proud" "proven"
## [1393] "proves" "providence" "proving"
## [1396] "prowess" "prudence" "prudent"
## [1399] "prudently" "punctual" "pure"
## [1402] "purify" "purposeful" "quaint"
## [1405] "qualified" "qualify" "quicker"
## [1408] "quiet" "quieter" "radiance"
## [1411] "radiant" "rapid" "rapport"
## [1414] "rapt" "rapture" "raptureous"
## [1417] "raptureously" "rapturous" "rapturously"
## [1420] "rational" "razor-sharp" "reachable"
## [1423] "readable" "readily" "ready"
## [1426] "reaffirm" "reaffirmation" "realistic"
## [1429] "realizable" "reasonable" "reasonably"
## [1432] "reasoned" "reassurance" "reassure"
## [1435] "receptive" "reclaim" "recomend"
## [1438] "recommend" "recommendation" "recommendations"
## [1441] "recommended" "reconcile" "reconciliation"
## [1444] "record-setting" "recover" "recovery"
## [1447] "rectification" "rectify" "rectifying"
## [1450] "redeem" "redeeming" "redemption"
## [1453] "refine" "refined" "refinement"
## [1456] "reform" "reformed" "reforming"
## [1459] "reforms" "refresh" "refreshed"
## [1462] "refreshing" "refund" "refunded"
## [1465] "regal" "regally" "regard"
## [1468] "rejoice" "rejoicing" "rejoicingly"
## [1471] "rejuvenate" "rejuvenated" "rejuvenating"
## [1474] "relaxed" "relent" "reliable"
## [1477] "reliably" "relief" "relish"
## [1480] "remarkable" "remarkably" "remedy"
## [1483] "remission" "remunerate" "renaissance"
## [1486] "renewed" "renown" "renowned"
## [1489] "replaceable" "reputable" "reputation"
## [1492] "resilient" "resolute" "resound"
## [1495] "resounding" "resourceful" "resourcefulness"
## [1498] "respect" "respectable" "respectful"
## [1501] "respectfully" "respite" "resplendent"
## [1504] "responsibly" "responsive" "restful"
## [1507] "restored" "restructure" "restructured"
## [1510] "restructuring" "retractable" "revel"
## [1513] "revelation" "revere" "reverence"
## [1516] "reverent" "reverently" "revitalize"
## [1519] "revival" "revive" "revives"
## [1522] "revolutionary" "revolutionize" "revolutionized"
## [1525] "revolutionizes" "reward" "rewarding"
## [1528] "rewardingly" "rich" "richer"
## [1531] "richly" "richness" "right"
## [1534] "righten" "righteous" "righteously"
## [1537] "righteousness" "rightful" "rightfully"
## [1540] "rightly" "rightness" "risk-free"
## [1543] "robust" "rock-star" "rock-stars"
## [1546] "rockstar" "rockstars" "romantic"
## [1549] "romantically" "romanticize" "roomier"
## [1552] "roomy" "rosy" "safe"
## [1555] "safely" "sagacity" "sagely"
## [1558] "saint" "saintliness" "saintly"
## [1561] "salutary" "salute" "sane"
## [1564] "satisfactorily" "satisfactory" "satisfied"
## [1567] "satisfies" "satisfy" "satisfying"
## [1570] "satisified" "saver" "savings"
## [1573] "savior" "savvy" "scenic"
## [1576] "seamless" "seasoned" "secure"
## [1579] "securely" "selective" "self-determination"
## [1582] "self-respect" "self-satisfaction" "self-sufficiency"
## [1585] "self-sufficient" "sensation" "sensational"
## [1588] "sensationally" "sensations" "sensible"
## [1591] "sensibly" "sensitive" "serene"
## [1594] "serenity" "sexy" "sharp"
## [1597] "sharper" "sharpest" "shimmering"
## [1600] "shimmeringly" "shine" "shiny"
## [1603] "significant" "silent" "simpler"
## [1606] "simplest" "simplified" "simplifies"
## [1609] "simplify" "simplifying" "sincere"
## [1612] "sincerely" "sincerity" "skill"
## [1615] "skilled" "skillful" "skillfully"
## [1618] "slammin" "sleek" "slick"
## [1621] "smart" "smarter" "smartest"
## [1624] "smartly" "smile" "smiles"
## [1627] "smiling" "smilingly" "smitten"
## [1630] "smooth" "smoother" "smoothes"
## [1633] "smoothest" "smoothly" "snappy"
## [1636] "snazzy" "sociable" "soft"
## [1639] "softer" "solace" "solicitous"
## [1642] "solicitously" "solid" "solidarity"
## [1645] "soothe" "soothingly" "sophisticated"
## [1648] "soulful" "soundly" "soundness"
## [1651] "spacious" "sparkle" "sparkling"
## [1654] "spectacular" "spectacularly" "speedily"
## [1657] "speedy" "spellbind" "spellbinding"
## [1660] "spellbindingly" "spellbound" "spirited"
## [1663] "spiritual" "splendid" "splendidly"
## [1666] "splendor" "spontaneous" "sporty"
## [1669] "spotless" "sprightly" "stability"
## [1672] "stabilize" "stable" "stainless"
## [1675] "standout" "state-of-the-art" "stately"
## [1678] "statuesque" "staunch" "staunchly"
## [1681] "staunchness" "steadfast" "steadfastly"
## [1684] "steadfastness" "steadiest" "steadiness"
## [1687] "steady" "stellar" "stellarly"
## [1690] "stimulate" "stimulates" "stimulating"
## [1693] "stimulative" "stirringly" "straighten"
## [1696] "straightforward" "streamlined" "striking"
## [1699] "strikingly" "striving" "strong"
## [1702] "stronger" "strongest" "stunned"
## [1705] "stunning" "stunningly" "stupendous"
## [1708] "stupendously" "sturdier" "sturdy"
## [1711] "stylish" "stylishly" "stylized"
## [1714] "suave" "suavely" "sublime"
## [1717] "subsidize" "subsidized" "subsidizes"
## [1720] "subsidizing" "substantive" "succeed"
## [1723] "succeeded" "succeeding" "succeeds"
## [1726] "succes" "success" "successes"
## [1729] "successful" "successfully" "suffice"
## [1732] "sufficed" "suffices" "sufficient"
## [1735] "sufficiently" "suitable" "sumptuous"
## [1738] "sumptuously" "sumptuousness" "super"
## [1741] "superb" "superbly" "superior"
## [1744] "superiority" "supple" "support"
## [1747] "supported" "supporter" "supporting"
## [1750] "supportive" "supports" "supremacy"
## [1753] "supreme" "supremely" "supurb"
## [1756] "supurbly" "surmount" "surpass"
## [1759] "surreal" "survival" "survivor"
## [1762] "sustainability" "sustainable" "swank"
## [1765] "swankier" "swankiest" "swanky"
## [1768] "sweeping" "sweet" "sweeten"
## [1771] "sweetheart" "sweetly" "sweetness"
## [1774] "swift" "swiftness" "talent"
## [1777] "talented" "talents" "tantalize"
## [1780] "tantalizing" "tantalizingly" "tempt"
## [1783] "tempting" "temptingly" "tenacious"
## [1786] "tenaciously" "tenacity" "tender"
## [1789] "tenderly" "terrific" "terrifically"
## [1792] "thank" "thankful" "thinner"
## [1795] "thoughtful" "thoughtfully" "thoughtfulness"
## [1798] "thrift" "thrifty" "thrill"
## [1801] "thrilled" "thrilling" "thrillingly"
## [1804] "thrills" "thrive" "thriving"
## [1807] "thumb-up" "thumbs-up" "tickle"
## [1810] "tidy" "time-honored" "timely"
## [1813] "tingle" "titillate" "titillating"
## [1816] "titillatingly" "togetherness" "tolerable"
## [1819] "toll-free" "top" "top-notch"
## [1822] "top-quality" "topnotch" "tops"
## [1825] "tough" "tougher" "toughest"
## [1828] "traction" "tranquil" "tranquility"
## [1831] "transparent" "treasure" "tremendously"
## [1834] "trendy" "triumph" "triumphal"
## [1837] "triumphant" "triumphantly" "trivially"
## [1840] "trophy" "trouble-free" "trump"
## [1843] "trumpet" "trust" "trusted"
## [1846] "trusting" "trustingly" "trustworthiness"
## [1849] "trustworthy" "trusty" "truthful"
## [1852] "truthfully" "truthfulness" "twinkly"
## [1855] "ultra-crisp" "unabashed" "unabashedly"
## [1858] "unaffected" "unassailable" "unbeatable"
## [1861] "unbiased" "unbound" "uncomplicated"
## [1864] "unconditional" "undamaged" "undaunted"
## [1867] "understandable" "undisputable" "undisputably"
## [1870] "undisputed" "unencumbered" "unequivocal"
## [1873] "unequivocally" "unfazed" "unfettered"
## [1876] "unforgettable" "unity" "unlimited"
## [1879] "unmatched" "unparalleled" "unquestionable"
## [1882] "unquestionably" "unreal" "unrestricted"
## [1885] "unrivaled" "unselfish" "unwavering"
## [1888] "upbeat" "upgradable" "upgradeable"
## [1891] "upgraded" "upheld" "uphold"
## [1894] "uplift" "uplifting" "upliftingly"
## [1897] "upliftment" "upscale" "usable"
## [1900] "useable" "useful" "user-friendly"
## [1903] "user-replaceable" "valiant" "valiantly"
## [1906] "valor" "valuable" "variety"
## [1909] "venerate" "verifiable" "veritable"
## [1912] "versatile" "versatility" "vibrant"
## [1915] "vibrantly" "victorious" "victory"
## [1918] "viewable" "vigilance" "vigilant"
## [1921] "virtue" "virtuous" "virtuously"
## [1924] "visionary" "vivacious" "vivid"
## [1927] "vouch" "vouchsafe" "warm"
## [1930] "warmer" "warmhearted" "warmly"
## [1933] "warmth" "wealthy" "welcome"
## [1936] "well" "well-backlit" "well-balanced"
## [1939] "well-behaved" "well-being" "well-bred"
## [1942] "well-connected" "well-educated" "well-established"
## [1945] "well-informed" "well-intentioned" "well-known"
## [1948] "well-made" "well-managed" "well-mannered"
## [1951] "well-positioned" "well-received" "well-regarded"
## [1954] "well-rounded" "well-run" "well-wishers"
## [1957] "wellbeing" "whoa" "wholeheartedly"
## [1960] "wholesome" "whooa" "whoooa"
## [1963] "wieldy" "willing" "willingly"
## [1966] "willingness" "win" "windfall"
## [1969] "winnable" "winner" "winners"
## [1972] "winning" "wins" "wisdom"
## [1975] "wise" "wisely" "witty"
## [1978] "won" "wonder" "wonderful"
## [1981] "wonderfully" "wonderous" "wonderously"
## [1984] "wonders" "wondrous" "woo"
## [1987] "work" "workable" "worked"
## [1990] "works" "world-famous" "worth"
## [1993] "worth-while" "worthiness" "worthwhile"
## [1996] "worthy" "wow" "wowed"
## [1999] "wowing" "wows" "yay"
## [2002] "youthful" "zeal" "zenith"
## [2005] "zest" "zippy"neg <- readLines("negative-words.txt") #import negative words
print(neg)## [1] "abnormal" "abolish"
## [3] "abominable" "abominably"
## [5] "abominate" "abomination"
## [7] "abort" "aborted"
## [9] "aborts" "abrade"
## [11] "abrasive" "abrupt"
## [13] "abruptly" "abscond"
## [15] "absence" "absent-minded"
## [17] "absentee" "absurd"
## [19] "absurdity" "absurdly"
## [21] "absurdness" "abuse"
## [23] "abused" "abuses"
## [25] "abusive" "abysmal"
## [27] "abysmally" "abyss"
## [29] "accidental" "accost"
## [31] "accursed" "accusation"
## [33] "accusations" "accuse"
## [35] "accuses" "accusing"
## [37] "accusingly" "acerbate"
## [39] "acerbic" "acerbically"
## [41] "ache" "ached"
## [43] "aches" "achey"
## [45] "aching" "acrid"
## [47] "acridly" "acridness"
## [49] "acrimonious" "acrimoniously"
## [51] "acrimony" "adamant"
## [53] "adamantly" "addict"
## [55] "addicted" "addicting"
## [57] "addicts" "admonish"
## [59] "admonisher" "admonishingly"
## [61] "admonishment" "admonition"
## [63] "adulterate" "adulterated"
## [65] "adulteration" "adulterier"
## [67] "adversarial" "adversary"
## [69] "adverse" "adversity"
## [71] "afflict" "affliction"
## [73] "afflictive" "affront"
## [75] "afraid" "aggravate"
## [77] "aggravating" "aggravation"
## [79] "aggression" "aggressive"
## [81] "aggressiveness" "aggressor"
## [83] "aggrieve" "aggrieved"
## [85] "aggrivation" "aghast"
## [87] "agonies" "agonize"
## [89] "agonizing" "agonizingly"
## [91] "agony" "aground"
## [93] "ail" "ailing"
## [95] "ailment" "aimless"
## [97] "alarm" "alarmed"
## [99] "alarming" "alarmingly"
## [101] "alienate" "alienated"
## [103] "alienation" "allegation"
## [105] "allegations" "allege"
## [107] "allergic" "allergies"
## [109] "allergy" "aloof"
## [111] "altercation" "ambiguity"
## [113] "ambiguous" "ambivalence"
## [115] "ambivalent" "ambush"
## [117] "amiss" "amputate"
## [119] "anarchism" "anarchist"
## [121] "anarchistic" "anarchy"
## [123] "anemic" "anger"
## [125] "angrily" "angriness"
## [127] "angry" "anguish"
## [129] "animosity" "annihilate"
## [131] "annihilation" "annoy"
## [133] "annoyance" "annoyances"
## [135] "annoyed" "annoying"
## [137] "annoyingly" "annoys"
## [139] "anomalous" "anomaly"
## [141] "antagonism" "antagonist"
## [143] "antagonistic" "antagonize"
## [145] "anti-" "anti-american"
## [147] "anti-israeli" "anti-occupation"
## [149] "anti-proliferation" "anti-semites"
## [151] "anti-social" "anti-us"
## [153] "anti-white" "antipathy"
## [155] "antiquated" "antithetical"
## [157] "anxieties" "anxiety"
## [159] "anxious" "anxiously"
## [161] "anxiousness" "apathetic"
## [163] "apathetically" "apathy"
## [165] "apocalypse" "apocalyptic"
## [167] "apologist" "apologists"
## [169] "appal" "appall"
## [171] "appalled" "appalling"
## [173] "appallingly" "apprehension"
## [175] "apprehensions" "apprehensive"
## [177] "apprehensively" "arbitrary"
## [179] "arcane" "archaic"
## [181] "arduous" "arduously"
## [183] "argumentative" "arrogance"
## [185] "arrogant" "arrogantly"
## [187] "ashamed" "asinine"
## [189] "asininely" "asinininity"
## [191] "askance" "asperse"
## [193] "aspersion" "aspersions"
## [195] "assail" "assassin"
## [197] "assassinate" "assault"
## [199] "assult" "astray"
## [201] "asunder" "atrocious"
## [203] "atrocities" "atrocity"
## [205] "atrophy" "attack"
## [207] "attacks" "audacious"
## [209] "audaciously" "audaciousness"
## [211] "audacity" "audiciously"
## [213] "austere" "authoritarian"
## [215] "autocrat" "autocratic"
## [217] "avalanche" "avarice"
## [219] "avaricious" "avariciously"
## [221] "avenge" "averse"
## [223] "aversion" "aweful"
## [225] "awful" "awfully"
## [227] "awfulness" "awkward"
## [229] "awkwardness" "ax"
## [231] "babble" "back-logged"
## [233] "back-wood" "back-woods"
## [235] "backache" "backaches"
## [237] "backaching" "backbite"
## [239] "backbiting" "backward"
## [241] "backwardness" "backwood"
## [243] "backwoods" "bad"
## [245] "badly" "baffle"
## [247] "baffled" "bafflement"
## [249] "baffling" "bait"
## [251] "balk" "banal"
## [253] "banalize" "bane"
## [255] "banish" "banishment"
## [257] "bankrupt" "barbarian"
## [259] "barbaric" "barbarically"
## [261] "barbarity" "barbarous"
## [263] "barbarously" "barren"
## [265] "baseless" "bash"
## [267] "bashed" "bashful"
## [269] "bashing" "bastard"
## [271] "bastards" "battered"
## [273] "battering" "batty"
## [275] "bearish" "beastly"
## [277] "bedlam" "bedlamite"
## [279] "befoul" "beg"
## [281] "beggar" "beggarly"
## [283] "begging" "beguile"
## [285] "belabor" "belated"
## [287] "beleaguer" "belie"
## [289] "belittle" "belittled"
## [291] "belittling" "bellicose"
## [293] "belligerence" "belligerent"
## [295] "belligerently" "bemoan"
## [297] "bemoaning" "bemused"
## [299] "bent" "berate"
## [301] "bereave" "bereavement"
## [303] "bereft" "berserk"
## [305] "beseech" "beset"
## [307] "besiege" "besmirch"
## [309] "bestial" "betray"
## [311] "betrayal" "betrayals"
## [313] "betrayer" "betraying"
## [315] "betrays" "bewail"
## [317] "beware" "bewilder"
## [319] "bewildered" "bewildering"
## [321] "bewilderingly" "bewilderment"
## [323] "bewitch" "bias"
## [325] "biased" "biases"
## [327] "bicker" "bickering"
## [329] "bid-rigging" "bigotries"
## [331] "bigotry" "bitch"
## [333] "bitchy" "biting"
## [335] "bitingly" "bitter"
## [337] "bitterly" "bitterness"
## [339] "bizarre" "blab"
## [341] "blabber" "blackmail"
## [343] "blah" "blame"
## [345] "blameworthy" "bland"
## [347] "blandish" "blaspheme"
## [349] "blasphemous" "blasphemy"
## [351] "blasted" "blatant"
## [353] "blatantly" "blather"
## [355] "bleak" "bleakly"
## [357] "bleakness" "bleed"
## [359] "bleeding" "bleeds"
## [361] "blemish" "blind"
## [363] "blinding" "blindingly"
## [365] "blindside" "blister"
## [367] "blistering" "bloated"
## [369] "blockage" "blockhead"
## [371] "bloodshed" "bloodthirsty"
## [373] "bloody" "blotchy"
## [375] "blow" "blunder"
## [377] "blundering" "blunders"
## [379] "blunt" "blur"
## [381] "bluring" "blurred"
## [383] "blurring" "blurry"
## [385] "blurs" "blurt"
## [387] "boastful" "boggle"
## [389] "bogus" "boil"
## [391] "boiling" "boisterous"
## [393] "bomb" "bombard"
## [395] "bombardment" "bombastic"
## [397] "bondage" "bonkers"
## [399] "bore" "bored"
## [401] "boredom" "bores"
## [403] "boring" "botch"
## [405] "bother" "bothered"
## [407] "bothering" "bothers"
## [409] "bothersome" "bowdlerize"
## [411] "boycott" "braggart"
## [413] "bragger" "brainless"
## [415] "brainwash" "brash"
## [417] "brashly" "brashness"
## [419] "brat" "bravado"
## [421] "brazen" "brazenly"
## [423] "brazenness" "breach"
## [425] "break" "break-up"
## [427] "break-ups" "breakdown"
## [429] "breaking" "breaks"
## [431] "breakup" "breakups"
## [433] "bribery" "brimstone"
## [435] "bristle" "brittle"
## [437] "broke" "broken"
## [439] "broken-hearted" "brood"
## [441] "browbeat" "bruise"
## [443] "bruised" "bruises"
## [445] "bruising" "brusque"
## [447] "brutal" "brutalising"
## [449] "brutalities" "brutality"
## [451] "brutalize" "brutalizing"
## [453] "brutally" "brute"
## [455] "brutish" "bs"
## [457] "buckle" "bug"
## [459] "bugging" "buggy"
## [461] "bugs" "bulkier"
## [463] "bulkiness" "bulky"
## [465] "bulkyness" "bull****"
## [467] "bull----" "bullies"
## [469] "bullshit" "bullshyt"
## [471] "bully" "bullying"
## [473] "bullyingly" "bum"
## [475] "bump" "bumped"
## [477] "bumping" "bumpping"
## [479] "bumps" "bumpy"
## [481] "bungle" "bungler"
## [483] "bungling" "bunk"
## [485] "burden" "burdensome"
## [487] "burdensomely" "burn"
## [489] "burned" "burning"
## [491] "burns" "bust"
## [493] "busts" "busybody"
## [495] "butcher" "butchery"
## [497] "buzzing" "byzantine"
## [499] "cackle" "calamities"
## [501] "calamitous" "calamitously"
## [503] "calamity" "callous"
## [505] "calumniate" "calumniation"
## [507] "calumnies" "calumnious"
## [509] "calumniously" "calumny"
## [511] "cancer" "cancerous"
## [513] "cannibal" "cannibalize"
## [515] "capitulate" "capricious"
## [517] "capriciously" "capriciousness"
## [519] "capsize" "careless"
## [521] "carelessness" "caricature"
## [523] "carnage" "carp"
## [525] "cartoonish" "cash-strapped"
## [527] "castigate" "castrated"
## [529] "casualty" "cataclysm"
## [531] "cataclysmal" "cataclysmic"
## [533] "cataclysmically" "catastrophe"
## [535] "catastrophes" "catastrophic"
## [537] "catastrophically" "catastrophies"
## [539] "caustic" "caustically"
## [541] "cautionary" "cave"
## [543] "censure" "chafe"
## [545] "chaff" "chagrin"
## [547] "challenging" "chaos"
## [549] "chaotic" "chasten"
## [551] "chastise" "chastisement"
## [553] "chatter" "chatterbox"
## [555] "cheap" "cheapen"
## [557] "cheaply" "cheat"
## [559] "cheated" "cheater"
## [561] "cheating" "cheats"
## [563] "checkered" "cheerless"
## [565] "cheesy" "chide"
## [567] "childish" "chill"
## [569] "chilly" "chintzy"
## [571] "choke" "choleric"
## [573] "choppy" "chore"
## [575] "chronic" "chunky"
## [577] "clamor" "clamorous"
## [579] "clash" "cliche"
## [581] "cliched" "clique"
## [583] "clog" "clogged"
## [585] "clogs" "cloud"
## [587] "clouding" "cloudy"
## [589] "clueless" "clumsy"
## [591] "clunky" "coarse"
## [593] "cocky" "coerce"
## [595] "coercion" "coercive"
## [597] "cold" "coldly"
## [599] "collapse" "collude"
## [601] "collusion" "combative"
## [603] "combust" "comical"
## [605] "commiserate" "commonplace"
## [607] "commotion" "commotions"
## [609] "complacent" "complain"
## [611] "complained" "complaining"
## [613] "complains" "complaint"
## [615] "complaints" "complex"
## [617] "complicated" "complication"
## [619] "complicit" "compulsion"
## [621] "compulsive" "concede"
## [623] "conceded" "conceit"
## [625] "conceited" "concen"
## [627] "concens" "concern"
## [629] "concerned" "concerns"
## [631] "concession" "concessions"
## [633] "condemn" "condemnable"
## [635] "condemnation" "condemned"
## [637] "condemns" "condescend"
## [639] "condescending" "condescendingly"
## [641] "condescension" "confess"
## [643] "confession" "confessions"
## [645] "confined" "conflict"
## [647] "conflicted" "conflicting"
## [649] "conflicts" "confound"
## [651] "confounded" "confounding"
## [653] "confront" "confrontation"
## [655] "confrontational" "confuse"
## [657] "confused" "confuses"
## [659] "confusing" "confusion"
## [661] "confusions" "congested"
## [663] "congestion" "cons"
## [665] "conscons" "conservative"
## [667] "conspicuous" "conspicuously"
## [669] "conspiracies" "conspiracy"
## [671] "conspirator" "conspiratorial"
## [673] "conspire" "consternation"
## [675] "contagious" "contaminate"
## [677] "contaminated" "contaminates"
## [679] "contaminating" "contamination"
## [681] "contempt" "contemptible"
## [683] "contemptuous" "contemptuously"
## [685] "contend" "contention"
## [687] "contentious" "contort"
## [689] "contortions" "contradict"
## [691] "contradiction" "contradictory"
## [693] "contrariness" "contravene"
## [695] "contrive" "contrived"
## [697] "controversial" "controversy"
## [699] "convoluted" "corrode"
## [701] "corrosion" "corrosions"
## [703] "corrosive" "corrupt"
## [705] "corrupted" "corrupting"
## [707] "corruption" "corrupts"
## [709] "corruptted" "costlier"
## [711] "costly" "counter-productive"
## [713] "counterproductive" "coupists"
## [715] "covetous" "coward"
## [717] "cowardly" "crabby"
## [719] "crack" "cracked"
## [721] "cracks" "craftily"
## [723] "craftly" "crafty"
## [725] "cramp" "cramped"
## [727] "cramping" "cranky"
## [729] "crap" "crappy"
## [731] "craps" "crash"
## [733] "crashed" "crashes"
## [735] "crashing" "crass"
## [737] "craven" "cravenly"
## [739] "craze" "crazily"
## [741] "craziness" "crazy"
## [743] "creak" "creaking"
## [745] "creaks" "credulous"
## [747] "creep" "creeping"
## [749] "creeps" "creepy"
## [751] "crept" "crime"
## [753] "criminal" "cringe"
## [755] "cringed" "cringes"
## [757] "cripple" "crippled"
## [759] "cripples" "crippling"
## [761] "crisis" "critic"
## [763] "critical" "criticism"
## [765] "criticisms" "criticize"
## [767] "criticized" "criticizing"
## [769] "critics" "cronyism"
## [771] "crook" "crooked"
## [773] "crooks" "crowded"
## [775] "crowdedness" "crude"
## [777] "cruel" "crueler"
## [779] "cruelest" "cruelly"
## [781] "cruelness" "cruelties"
## [783] "cruelty" "crumble"
## [785] "crumbling" "crummy"
## [787] "crumple" "crumpled"
## [789] "crumples" "crush"
## [791] "crushed" "crushing"
## [793] "cry" "culpable"
## [795] "culprit" "cumbersome"
## [797] "cunt" "cunts"
## [799] "cuplrit" "curse"
## [801] "cursed" "curses"
## [803] "curt" "cuss"
## [805] "cussed" "cutthroat"
## [807] "cynical" "cynicism"
## [809] "d*mn" "damage"
## [811] "damaged" "damages"
## [813] "damaging" "damn"
## [815] "damnable" "damnably"
## [817] "damnation" "damned"
## [819] "damning" "damper"
## [821] "danger" "dangerous"
## [823] "dangerousness" "dark"
## [825] "darken" "darkened"
## [827] "darker" "darkness"
## [829] "dastard" "dastardly"
## [831] "daunt" "daunting"
## [833] "dauntingly" "dawdle"
## [835] "daze" "dazed"
## [837] "dead" "deadbeat"
## [839] "deadlock" "deadly"
## [841] "deadweight" "deaf"
## [843] "dearth" "death"
## [845] "debacle" "debase"
## [847] "debasement" "debaser"
## [849] "debatable" "debauch"
## [851] "debaucher" "debauchery"
## [853] "debilitate" "debilitating"
## [855] "debility" "debt"
## [857] "debts" "decadence"
## [859] "decadent" "decay"
## [861] "decayed" "deceit"
## [863] "deceitful" "deceitfully"
## [865] "deceitfulness" "deceive"
## [867] "deceiver" "deceivers"
## [869] "deceiving" "deception"
## [871] "deceptive" "deceptively"
## [873] "declaim" "decline"
## [875] "declines" "declining"
## [877] "decrement" "decrepit"
## [879] "decrepitude" "decry"
## [881] "defamation" "defamations"
## [883] "defamatory" "defame"
## [885] "defect" "defective"
## [887] "defects" "defensive"
## [889] "defiance" "defiant"
## [891] "defiantly" "deficiencies"
## [893] "deficiency" "deficient"
## [895] "defile" "defiler"
## [897] "deform" "deformed"
## [899] "defrauding" "defunct"
## [901] "defy" "degenerate"
## [903] "degenerately" "degeneration"
## [905] "degradation" "degrade"
## [907] "degrading" "degradingly"
## [909] "dehumanization" "dehumanize"
## [911] "deign" "deject"
## [913] "dejected" "dejectedly"
## [915] "dejection" "delay"
## [917] "delayed" "delaying"
## [919] "delays" "delinquency"
## [921] "delinquent" "delirious"
## [923] "delirium" "delude"
## [925] "deluded" "deluge"
## [927] "delusion" "delusional"
## [929] "delusions" "demean"
## [931] "demeaning" "demise"
## [933] "demolish" "demolisher"
## [935] "demon" "demonic"
## [937] "demonize" "demonized"
## [939] "demonizes" "demonizing"
## [941] "demoralize" "demoralizing"
## [943] "demoralizingly" "denial"
## [945] "denied" "denies"
## [947] "denigrate" "denounce"
## [949] "dense" "dent"
## [951] "dented" "dents"
## [953] "denunciate" "denunciation"
## [955] "denunciations" "deny"
## [957] "denying" "deplete"
## [959] "deplorable" "deplorably"
## [961] "deplore" "deploring"
## [963] "deploringly" "deprave"
## [965] "depraved" "depravedly"
## [967] "deprecate" "depress"
## [969] "depressed" "depressing"
## [971] "depressingly" "depression"
## [973] "depressions" "deprive"
## [975] "deprived" "deride"
## [977] "derision" "derisive"
## [979] "derisively" "derisiveness"
## [981] "derogatory" "desecrate"
## [983] "desert" "desertion"
## [985] "desiccate" "desiccated"
## [987] "desititute" "desolate"
## [989] "desolately" "desolation"
## [991] "despair" "despairing"
## [993] "despairingly" "desperate"
## [995] "desperately" "desperation"
## [997] "despicable" "despicably"
## [999] "despise" "despised"
## [1001] "despoil" "despoiler"
## [1003] "despondence" "despondency"
## [1005] "despondent" "despondently"
## [1007] "despot" "despotic"
## [1009] "despotism" "destabilisation"
## [1011] "destains" "destitute"
## [1013] "destitution" "destroy"
## [1015] "destroyer" "destruction"
## [1017] "destructive" "desultory"
## [1019] "deter" "deteriorate"
## [1021] "deteriorating" "deterioration"
## [1023] "deterrent" "detest"
## [1025] "detestable" "detestably"
## [1027] "detested" "detesting"
## [1029] "detests" "detract"
## [1031] "detracted" "detracting"
## [1033] "detraction" "detracts"
## [1035] "detriment" "detrimental"
## [1037] "devastate" "devastated"
## [1039] "devastates" "devastating"
## [1041] "devastatingly" "devastation"
## [1043] "deviate" "deviation"
## [1045] "devil" "devilish"
## [1047] "devilishly" "devilment"
## [1049] "devilry" "devious"
## [1051] "deviously" "deviousness"
## [1053] "devoid" "diabolic"
## [1055] "diabolical" "diabolically"
## [1057] "diametrically" "diappointed"
## [1059] "diatribe" "diatribes"
## [1061] "dick" "dictator"
## [1063] "dictatorial" "die"
## [1065] "die-hard" "died"
## [1067] "dies" "difficult"
## [1069] "difficulties" "difficulty"
## [1071] "diffidence" "dilapidated"
## [1073] "dilemma" "dilly-dally"
## [1075] "dim" "dimmer"
## [1077] "din" "ding"
## [1079] "dings" "dinky"
## [1081] "dire" "direly"
## [1083] "direness" "dirt"
## [1085] "dirtbag" "dirtbags"
## [1087] "dirts" "dirty"
## [1089] "disable" "disabled"
## [1091] "disaccord" "disadvantage"
## [1093] "disadvantaged" "disadvantageous"
## [1095] "disadvantages" "disaffect"
## [1097] "disaffected" "disaffirm"
## [1099] "disagree" "disagreeable"
## [1101] "disagreeably" "disagreed"
## [1103] "disagreeing" "disagreement"
## [1105] "disagrees" "disallow"
## [1107] "disapointed" "disapointing"
## [1109] "disapointment" "disappoint"
## [1111] "disappointed" "disappointing"
## [1113] "disappointingly" "disappointment"
## [1115] "disappointments" "disappoints"
## [1117] "disapprobation" "disapproval"
## [1119] "disapprove" "disapproving"
## [1121] "disarm" "disarray"
## [1123] "disaster" "disasterous"
## [1125] "disastrous" "disastrously"
## [1127] "disavow" "disavowal"
## [1129] "disbelief" "disbelieve"
## [1131] "disbeliever" "disclaim"
## [1133] "discombobulate" "discomfit"
## [1135] "discomfititure" "discomfort"
## [1137] "discompose" "disconcert"
## [1139] "disconcerted" "disconcerting"
## [1141] "disconcertingly" "disconsolate"
## [1143] "disconsolately" "disconsolation"
## [1145] "discontent" "discontented"
## [1147] "discontentedly" "discontinued"
## [1149] "discontinuity" "discontinuous"
## [1151] "discord" "discordance"
## [1153] "discordant" "discountenance"
## [1155] "discourage" "discouragement"
## [1157] "discouraging" "discouragingly"
## [1159] "discourteous" "discourteously"
## [1161] "discoutinous" "discredit"
## [1163] "discrepant" "discriminate"
## [1165] "discrimination" "discriminatory"
## [1167] "disdain" "disdained"
## [1169] "disdainful" "disdainfully"
## [1171] "disfavor" "disgrace"
## [1173] "disgraced" "disgraceful"
## [1175] "disgracefully" "disgruntle"
## [1177] "disgruntled" "disgust"
## [1179] "disgusted" "disgustedly"
## [1181] "disgustful" "disgustfully"
## [1183] "disgusting" "disgustingly"
## [1185] "dishearten" "disheartening"
## [1187] "dishearteningly" "dishonest"
## [1189] "dishonestly" "dishonesty"
## [1191] "dishonor" "dishonorable"
## [1193] "dishonorablely" "disillusion"
## [1195] "disillusioned" "disillusionment"
## [1197] "disillusions" "disinclination"
## [1199] "disinclined" "disingenuous"
## [1201] "disingenuously" "disintegrate"
## [1203] "disintegrated" "disintegrates"
## [1205] "disintegration" "disinterest"
## [1207] "disinterested" "dislike"
## [1209] "disliked" "dislikes"
## [1211] "disliking" "dislocated"
## [1213] "disloyal" "disloyalty"
## [1215] "dismal" "dismally"
## [1217] "dismalness" "dismay"
## [1219] "dismayed" "dismaying"
## [1221] "dismayingly" "dismissive"
## [1223] "dismissively" "disobedience"
## [1225] "disobedient" "disobey"
## [1227] "disoobedient" "disorder"
## [1229] "disordered" "disorderly"
## [1231] "disorganized" "disorient"
## [1233] "disoriented" "disown"
## [1235] "disparage" "disparaging"
## [1237] "disparagingly" "dispensable"
## [1239] "dispirit" "dispirited"
## [1241] "dispiritedly" "dispiriting"
## [1243] "displace" "displaced"
## [1245] "displease" "displeased"
## [1247] "displeasing" "displeasure"
## [1249] "disproportionate" "disprove"
## [1251] "disputable" "dispute"
## [1253] "disputed" "disquiet"
## [1255] "disquieting" "disquietingly"
## [1257] "disquietude" "disregard"
## [1259] "disregardful" "disreputable"
## [1261] "disrepute" "disrespect"
## [1263] "disrespectable" "disrespectablity"
## [1265] "disrespectful" "disrespectfully"
## [1267] "disrespectfulness" "disrespecting"
## [1269] "disrupt" "disruption"
## [1271] "disruptive" "diss"
## [1273] "dissapointed" "dissappointed"
## [1275] "dissappointing" "dissatisfaction"
## [1277] "dissatisfactory" "dissatisfied"
## [1279] "dissatisfies" "dissatisfy"
## [1281] "dissatisfying" "dissed"
## [1283] "dissemble" "dissembler"
## [1285] "dissension" "dissent"
## [1287] "dissenter" "dissention"
## [1289] "disservice" "disses"
## [1291] "dissidence" "dissident"
## [1293] "dissidents" "dissing"
## [1295] "dissocial" "dissolute"
## [1297] "dissolution" "dissonance"
## [1299] "dissonant" "dissonantly"
## [1301] "dissuade" "dissuasive"
## [1303] "distains" "distaste"
## [1305] "distasteful" "distastefully"
## [1307] "distort" "distorted"
## [1309] "distortion" "distorts"
## [1311] "distract" "distracting"
## [1313] "distraction" "distraught"
## [1315] "distraughtly" "distraughtness"
## [1317] "distress" "distressed"
## [1319] "distressing" "distressingly"
## [1321] "distrust" "distrustful"
## [1323] "distrusting" "disturb"
## [1325] "disturbance" "disturbed"
## [1327] "disturbing" "disturbingly"
## [1329] "disunity" "disvalue"
## [1331] "divergent" "divisive"
## [1333] "divisively" "divisiveness"
## [1335] "dizzing" "dizzingly"
## [1337] "dizzy" "doddering"
## [1339] "dodgey" "dogged"
## [1341] "doggedly" "dogmatic"
## [1343] "doldrums" "domineer"
## [1345] "domineering" "donside"
## [1347] "doom" "doomed"
## [1349] "doomsday" "dope"
## [1351] "doubt" "doubtful"
## [1353] "doubtfully" "doubts"
## [1355] "douchbag" "douchebag"
## [1357] "douchebags" "downbeat"
## [1359] "downcast" "downer"
## [1361] "downfall" "downfallen"
## [1363] "downgrade" "downhearted"
## [1365] "downheartedly" "downhill"
## [1367] "downside" "downsides"
## [1369] "downturn" "downturns"
## [1371] "drab" "draconian"
## [1373] "draconic" "drag"
## [1375] "dragged" "dragging"
## [1377] "dragoon" "drags"
## [1379] "drain" "drained"
## [1381] "draining" "drains"
## [1383] "drastic" "drastically"
## [1385] "drawback" "drawbacks"
## [1387] "dread" "dreadful"
## [1389] "dreadfully" "dreadfulness"
## [1391] "dreary" "dripped"
## [1393] "dripping" "drippy"
## [1395] "drips" "drones"
## [1397] "droop" "droops"
## [1399] "drop-out" "drop-outs"
## [1401] "dropout" "dropouts"
## [1403] "drought" "drowning"
## [1405] "drunk" "drunkard"
## [1407] "drunken" "dubious"
## [1409] "dubiously" "dubitable"
## [1411] "dud" "dull"
## [1413] "dullard" "dumb"
## [1415] "dumbfound" "dump"
## [1417] "dumped" "dumping"
## [1419] "dumps" "dunce"
## [1421] "dungeon" "dungeons"
## [1423] "dupe" "dust"
## [1425] "dusty" "dwindling"
## [1427] "dying" "earsplitting"
## [1429] "eccentric" "eccentricity"
## [1431] "effigy" "effrontery"
## [1433] "egocentric" "egomania"
## [1435] "egotism" "egotistical"
## [1437] "egotistically" "egregious"
## [1439] "egregiously" "election-rigger"
## [1441] "elimination" "emaciated"
## [1443] "emasculate" "embarrass"
## [1445] "embarrassing" "embarrassingly"
## [1447] "embarrassment" "embattled"
## [1449] "embroil" "embroiled"
## [1451] "embroilment" "emergency"
## [1453] "emphatic" "emphatically"
## [1455] "emptiness" "encroach"
## [1457] "encroachment" "endanger"
## [1459] "enemies" "enemy"
## [1461] "enervate" "enfeeble"
## [1463] "enflame" "engulf"
## [1465] "enjoin" "enmity"
## [1467] "enrage" "enraged"
## [1469] "enraging" "enslave"
## [1471] "entangle" "entanglement"
## [1473] "entrap" "entrapment"
## [1475] "envious" "enviously"
## [1477] "enviousness" "epidemic"
## [1479] "equivocal" "erase"
## [1481] "erode" "erodes"
## [1483] "erosion" "err"
## [1485] "errant" "erratic"
## [1487] "erratically" "erroneous"
## [1489] "erroneously" "error"
## [1491] "errors" "eruptions"
## [1493] "escapade" "eschew"
## [1495] "estranged" "evade"
## [1497] "evasion" "evasive"
## [1499] "evil" "evildoer"
## [1501] "evils" "eviscerate"
## [1503] "exacerbate" "exagerate"
## [1505] "exagerated" "exagerates"
## [1507] "exaggerate" "exaggeration"
## [1509] "exasperate" "exasperated"
## [1511] "exasperating" "exasperatingly"
## [1513] "exasperation" "excessive"
## [1515] "excessively" "exclusion"
## [1517] "excoriate" "excruciating"
## [1519] "excruciatingly" "excuse"
## [1521] "excuses" "execrate"
## [1523] "exhaust" "exhausted"
## [1525] "exhaustion" "exhausts"
## [1527] "exhorbitant" "exhort"
## [1529] "exile" "exorbitant"
## [1531] "exorbitantance" "exorbitantly"
## [1533] "expel" "expensive"
## [1535] "expire" "expired"
## [1537] "explode" "exploit"
## [1539] "exploitation" "explosive"
## [1541] "expropriate" "expropriation"
## [1543] "expulse" "expunge"
## [1545] "exterminate" "extermination"
## [1547] "extinguish" "extort"
## [1549] "extortion" "extraneous"
## [1551] "extravagance" "extravagant"
## [1553] "extravagantly" "extremism"
## [1555] "extremist" "extremists"
## [1557] "eyesore" "f**k"
## [1559] "fabricate" "fabrication"
## [1561] "facetious" "facetiously"
## [1563] "fail" "failed"
## [1565] "failing" "fails"
## [1567] "failure" "failures"
## [1569] "faint" "fainthearted"
## [1571] "faithless" "fake"
## [1573] "fall" "fallacies"
## [1575] "fallacious" "fallaciously"
## [1577] "fallaciousness" "fallacy"
## [1579] "fallen" "falling"
## [1581] "fallout" "falls"
## [1583] "false" "falsehood"
## [1585] "falsely" "falsify"
## [1587] "falter" "faltered"
## [1589] "famine" "famished"
## [1591] "fanatic" "fanatical"
## [1593] "fanatically" "fanaticism"
## [1595] "fanatics" "fanciful"
## [1597] "far-fetched" "farce"
## [1599] "farcical" "farcical-yet-provocative"
## [1601] "farcically" "farfetched"
## [1603] "fascism" "fascist"
## [1605] "fastidious" "fastidiously"
## [1607] "fastuous" "fat"
## [1609] "fat-cat" "fat-cats"
## [1611] "fatal" "fatalistic"
## [1613] "fatalistically" "fatally"
## [1615] "fatcat" "fatcats"
## [1617] "fateful" "fatefully"
## [1619] "fathomless" "fatigue"
## [1621] "fatigued" "fatique"
## [1623] "fatty" "fatuity"
## [1625] "fatuous" "fatuously"
## [1627] "fault" "faults"
## [1629] "faulty" "fawningly"
## [1631] "faze" "fear"
## [1633] "fearful" "fearfully"
## [1635] "fears" "fearsome"
## [1637] "feckless" "feeble"
## [1639] "feeblely" "feebleminded"
## [1641] "feign" "feint"
## [1643] "fell" "felon"
## [1645] "felonious" "ferociously"
## [1647] "ferocity" "fetid"
## [1649] "fever" "feverish"
## [1651] "fevers" "fiasco"
## [1653] "fib" "fibber"
## [1655] "fickle" "fiction"
## [1657] "fictional" "fictitious"
## [1659] "fidget" "fidgety"
## [1661] "fiend" "fiendish"
## [1663] "fierce" "figurehead"
## [1665] "filth" "filthy"
## [1667] "finagle" "finicky"
## [1669] "fissures" "fist"
## [1671] "flabbergast" "flabbergasted"
## [1673] "flagging" "flagrant"
## [1675] "flagrantly" "flair"
## [1677] "flairs" "flak"
## [1679] "flake" "flakey"
## [1681] "flakieness" "flaking"
## [1683] "flaky" "flare"
## [1685] "flares" "flareup"
## [1687] "flareups" "flat-out"
## [1689] "flaunt" "flaw"
## [1691] "flawed" "flaws"
## [1693] "flee" "fleed"
## [1695] "fleeing" "fleer"
## [1697] "flees" "fleeting"
## [1699] "flicering" "flicker"
## [1701] "flickering" "flickers"
## [1703] "flighty" "flimflam"
## [1705] "flimsy" "flirt"
## [1707] "flirty" "floored"
## [1709] "flounder" "floundering"
## [1711] "flout" "fluster"
## [1713] "foe" "fool"
## [1715] "fooled" "foolhardy"
## [1717] "foolish" "foolishly"
## [1719] "foolishness" "forbid"
## [1721] "forbidden" "forbidding"
## [1723] "forceful" "foreboding"
## [1725] "forebodingly" "forfeit"
## [1727] "forged" "forgetful"
## [1729] "forgetfully" "forgetfulness"
## [1731] "forlorn" "forlornly"
## [1733] "forsake" "forsaken"
## [1735] "forswear" "foul"
## [1737] "foully" "foulness"
## [1739] "fractious" "fractiously"
## [1741] "fracture" "fragile"
## [1743] "fragmented" "frail"
## [1745] "frantic" "frantically"
## [1747] "franticly" "fraud"
## [1749] "fraudulent" "fraught"
## [1751] "frazzle" "frazzled"
## [1753] "freak" "freaking"
## [1755] "freakish" "freakishly"
## [1757] "freaks" "freeze"
## [1759] "freezes" "freezing"
## [1761] "frenetic" "frenetically"
## [1763] "frenzied" "frenzy"
## [1765] "fret" "fretful"
## [1767] "frets" "friction"
## [1769] "frictions" "fried"
## [1771] "friggin" "frigging"
## [1773] "fright" "frighten"
## [1775] "frightening" "frighteningly"
## [1777] "frightful" "frightfully"
## [1779] "frigid" "frost"
## [1781] "frown" "froze"
## [1783] "frozen" "fruitless"
## [1785] "fruitlessly" "frustrate"
## [1787] "frustrated" "frustrates"
## [1789] "frustrating" "frustratingly"
## [1791] "frustration" "frustrations"
## [1793] "fuck" "fucking"
## [1795] "fudge" "fugitive"
## [1797] "full-blown" "fulminate"
## [1799] "fumble" "fume"
## [1801] "fumes" "fundamentalism"
## [1803] "funky" "funnily"
## [1805] "funny" "furious"
## [1807] "furiously" "furor"
## [1809] "fury" "fuss"
## [1811] "fussy" "fustigate"
## [1813] "fusty" "futile"
## [1815] "futilely" "futility"
## [1817] "fuzzy" "gabble"
## [1819] "gaff" "gaffe"
## [1821] "gainsay" "gainsayer"
## [1823] "gall" "galling"
## [1825] "gallingly" "galls"
## [1827] "gangster" "gape"
## [1829] "garbage" "garish"
## [1831] "gasp" "gauche"
## [1833] "gaudy" "gawk"
## [1835] "gawky" "geezer"
## [1837] "genocide" "get-rich"
## [1839] "ghastly" "ghetto"
## [1841] "ghosting" "gibber"
## [1843] "gibberish" "gibe"
## [1845] "giddy" "gimmick"
## [1847] "gimmicked" "gimmicking"
## [1849] "gimmicks" "gimmicky"
## [1851] "glare" "glaringly"
## [1853] "glib" "glibly"
## [1855] "glitch" "glitches"
## [1857] "gloatingly" "gloom"
## [1859] "gloomy" "glower"
## [1861] "glum" "glut"
## [1863] "gnawing" "goad"
## [1865] "goading" "god-awful"
## [1867] "goof" "goofy"
## [1869] "goon" "gossip"
## [1871] "graceless" "gracelessly"
## [1873] "graft" "grainy"
## [1875] "grapple" "grate"
## [1877] "grating" "gravely"
## [1879] "greasy" "greed"
## [1881] "greedy" "grief"
## [1883] "grievance" "grievances"
## [1885] "grieve" "grieving"
## [1887] "grievous" "grievously"
## [1889] "grim" "grimace"
## [1891] "grind" "gripe"
## [1893] "gripes" "grisly"
## [1895] "gritty" "gross"
## [1897] "grossly" "grotesque"
## [1899] "grouch" "grouchy"
## [1901] "groundless" "grouse"
## [1903] "growl" "grudge"
## [1905] "grudges" "grudging"
## [1907] "grudgingly" "gruesome"
## [1909] "gruesomely" "gruff"
## [1911] "grumble" "grumpier"
## [1913] "grumpiest" "grumpily"
## [1915] "grumpish" "grumpy"
## [1917] "guile" "guilt"
## [1919] "guiltily" "guilty"
## [1921] "gullible" "gutless"
## [1923] "gutter" "hack"
## [1925] "hacks" "haggard"
## [1927] "haggle" "hairloss"
## [1929] "halfhearted" "halfheartedly"
## [1931] "hallucinate" "hallucination"
## [1933] "hamper" "hampered"
## [1935] "handicapped" "hang"
## [1937] "hangs" "haphazard"
## [1939] "hapless" "harangue"
## [1941] "harass" "harassed"
## [1943] "harasses" "harassment"
## [1945] "harboring" "harbors"
## [1947] "hard" "hard-hit"
## [1949] "hard-line" "hard-liner"
## [1951] "hardball" "harden"
## [1953] "hardened" "hardheaded"
## [1955] "hardhearted" "hardliner"
## [1957] "hardliners" "hardship"
## [1959] "hardships" "harm"
## [1961] "harmed" "harmful"
## [1963] "harms" "harpy"
## [1965] "harridan" "harried"
## [1967] "harrow" "harsh"
## [1969] "harshly" "hasseling"
## [1971] "hassle" "hassled"
## [1973] "hassles" "haste"
## [1975] "hastily" "hasty"
## [1977] "hate" "hated"
## [1979] "hateful" "hatefully"
## [1981] "hatefulness" "hater"
## [1983] "haters" "hates"
## [1985] "hating" "hatred"
## [1987] "haughtily" "haughty"
## [1989] "haunt" "haunting"
## [1991] "havoc" "hawkish"
## [1993] "haywire" "hazard"
## [1995] "hazardous" "haze"
## [1997] "hazy" "head-aches"
## [1999] "headache" "headaches"
## [2001] "heartbreaker" "heartbreaking"
## [2003] "heartbreakingly" "heartless"
## [2005] "heathen" "heavy-handed"
## [2007] "heavyhearted" "heck"
## [2009] "heckle" "heckled"
## [2011] "heckles" "hectic"
## [2013] "hedge" "hedonistic"
## [2015] "heedless" "hefty"
## [2017] "hegemonism" "hegemonistic"
## [2019] "hegemony" "heinous"
## [2021] "hell" "hell-bent"
## [2023] "hellion" "hells"
## [2025] "helpless" "helplessly"
## [2027] "helplessness" "heresy"
## [2029] "heretic" "heretical"
## [2031] "hesitant" "hestitant"
## [2033] "hideous" "hideously"
## [2035] "hideousness" "high-priced"
## [2037] "hiliarious" "hinder"
## [2039] "hindrance" "hiss"
## [2041] "hissed" "hissing"
## [2043] "ho-hum" "hoard"
## [2045] "hoax" "hobble"
## [2047] "hogs" "hollow"
## [2049] "hoodium" "hoodwink"
## [2051] "hooligan" "hopeless"
## [2053] "hopelessly" "hopelessness"
## [2055] "horde" "horrendous"
## [2057] "horrendously" "horrible"
## [2059] "horrid" "horrific"
## [2061] "horrified" "horrifies"
## [2063] "horrify" "horrifying"
## [2065] "horrifys" "hostage"
## [2067] "hostile" "hostilities"
## [2069] "hostility" "hotbeds"
## [2071] "hothead" "hotheaded"
## [2073] "hothouse" "hubris"
## [2075] "huckster" "hum"
## [2077] "humid" "humiliate"
## [2079] "humiliating" "humiliation"
## [2081] "humming" "hung"
## [2083] "hurt" "hurted"
## [2085] "hurtful" "hurting"
## [2087] "hurts" "hustler"
## [2089] "hype" "hypocricy"
## [2091] "hypocrisy" "hypocrite"
## [2093] "hypocrites" "hypocritical"
## [2095] "hypocritically" "hysteria"
## [2097] "hysteric" "hysterical"
## [2099] "hysterically" "hysterics"
## [2101] "idiocies" "idiocy"
## [2103] "idiot" "idiotic"
## [2105] "idiotically" "idiots"
## [2107] "idle" "ignoble"
## [2109] "ignominious" "ignominiously"
## [2111] "ignominy" "ignorance"
## [2113] "ignorant" "ignore"
## [2115] "ill-advised" "ill-conceived"
## [2117] "ill-defined" "ill-designed"
## [2119] "ill-fated" "ill-favored"
## [2121] "ill-formed" "ill-mannered"
## [2123] "ill-natured" "ill-sorted"
## [2125] "ill-tempered" "ill-treated"
## [2127] "ill-treatment" "ill-usage"
## [2129] "ill-used" "illegal"
## [2131] "illegally" "illegitimate"
## [2133] "illicit" "illiterate"
## [2135] "illness" "illogic"
## [2137] "illogical" "illogically"
## [2139] "illusion" "illusions"
## [2141] "illusory" "imaginary"
## [2143] "imbalance" "imbecile"
## [2145] "imbroglio" "immaterial"
## [2147] "immature" "imminence"
## [2149] "imminently" "immobilized"
## [2151] "immoderate" "immoderately"
## [2153] "immodest" "immoral"
## [2155] "immorality" "immorally"
## [2157] "immovable" "impair"
## [2159] "impaired" "impasse"
## [2161] "impatience" "impatient"
## [2163] "impatiently" "impeach"
## [2165] "impedance" "impede"
## [2167] "impediment" "impending"
## [2169] "impenitent" "imperfect"
## [2171] "imperfection" "imperfections"
## [2173] "imperfectly" "imperialist"
## [2175] "imperil" "imperious"
## [2177] "imperiously" "impermissible"
## [2179] "impersonal" "impertinent"
## [2181] "impetuous" "impetuously"
## [2183] "impiety" "impinge"
## [2185] "impious" "implacable"
## [2187] "implausible" "implausibly"
## [2189] "implicate" "implication"
## [2191] "implode" "impolite"
## [2193] "impolitely" "impolitic"
## [2195] "importunate" "importune"
## [2197] "impose" "imposers"
## [2199] "imposing" "imposition"
## [2201] "impossible" "impossiblity"
## [2203] "impossibly" "impotent"
## [2205] "impoverish" "impoverished"
## [2207] "impractical" "imprecate"
## [2209] "imprecise" "imprecisely"
## [2211] "imprecision" "imprison"
## [2213] "imprisonment" "improbability"
## [2215] "improbable" "improbably"
## [2217] "improper" "improperly"
## [2219] "impropriety" "imprudence"
## [2221] "imprudent" "impudence"
## [2223] "impudent" "impudently"
## [2225] "impugn" "impulsive"
## [2227] "impulsively" "impunity"
## [2229] "impure" "impurity"
## [2231] "inability" "inaccuracies"
## [2233] "inaccuracy" "inaccurate"
## [2235] "inaccurately" "inaction"
## [2237] "inactive" "inadequacy"
## [2239] "inadequate" "inadequately"
## [2241] "inadverent" "inadverently"
## [2243] "inadvisable" "inadvisably"
## [2245] "inane" "inanely"
## [2247] "inappropriate" "inappropriately"
## [2249] "inapt" "inaptitude"
## [2251] "inarticulate" "inattentive"
## [2253] "inaudible" "incapable"
## [2255] "incapably" "incautious"
## [2257] "incendiary" "incense"
## [2259] "incessant" "incessantly"
## [2261] "incite" "incitement"
## [2263] "incivility" "inclement"
## [2265] "incognizant" "incoherence"
## [2267] "incoherent" "incoherently"
## [2269] "incommensurate" "incomparable"
## [2271] "incomparably" "incompatability"
## [2273] "incompatibility" "incompatible"
## [2275] "incompetence" "incompetent"
## [2277] "incompetently" "incomplete"
## [2279] "incompliant" "incomprehensible"
## [2281] "incomprehension" "inconceivable"
## [2283] "inconceivably" "incongruous"
## [2285] "incongruously" "inconsequent"
## [2287] "inconsequential" "inconsequentially"
## [2289] "inconsequently" "inconsiderate"
## [2291] "inconsiderately" "inconsistence"
## [2293] "inconsistencies" "inconsistency"
## [2295] "inconsistent" "inconsolable"
## [2297] "inconsolably" "inconstant"
## [2299] "inconvenience" "inconveniently"
## [2301] "incorrect" "incorrectly"
## [2303] "incorrigible" "incorrigibly"
## [2305] "incredulous" "incredulously"
## [2307] "inculcate" "indecency"
## [2309] "indecent" "indecently"
## [2311] "indecision" "indecisive"
## [2313] "indecisively" "indecorum"
## [2315] "indefensible" "indelicate"
## [2317] "indeterminable" "indeterminably"
## [2319] "indeterminate" "indifference"
## [2321] "indifferent" "indigent"
## [2323] "indignant" "indignantly"
## [2325] "indignation" "indignity"
## [2327] "indiscernible" "indiscreet"
## [2329] "indiscreetly" "indiscretion"
## [2331] "indiscriminate" "indiscriminately"
## [2333] "indiscriminating" "indistinguishable"
## [2335] "indoctrinate" "indoctrination"
## [2337] "indolent" "indulge"
## [2339] "ineffective" "ineffectively"
## [2341] "ineffectiveness" "ineffectual"
## [2343] "ineffectually" "ineffectualness"
## [2345] "inefficacious" "inefficacy"
## [2347] "inefficiency" "inefficient"
## [2349] "inefficiently" "inelegance"
## [2351] "inelegant" "ineligible"
## [2353] "ineloquent" "ineloquently"
## [2355] "inept" "ineptitude"
## [2357] "ineptly" "inequalities"
## [2359] "inequality" "inequitable"
## [2361] "inequitably" "inequities"
## [2363] "inescapable" "inescapably"
## [2365] "inessential" "inevitable"
## [2367] "inevitably" "inexcusable"
## [2369] "inexcusably" "inexorable"
## [2371] "inexorably" "inexperience"
## [2373] "inexperienced" "inexpert"
## [2375] "inexpertly" "inexpiable"
## [2377] "inexplainable" "inextricable"
## [2379] "inextricably" "infamous"
## [2381] "infamously" "infamy"
## [2383] "infected" "infection"
## [2385] "infections" "inferior"
## [2387] "inferiority" "infernal"
## [2389] "infest" "infested"
## [2391] "infidel" "infidels"
## [2393] "infiltrator" "infiltrators"
## [2395] "infirm" "inflame"
## [2397] "inflammation" "inflammatory"
## [2399] "inflammed" "inflated"
## [2401] "inflationary" "inflexible"
## [2403] "inflict" "infraction"
## [2405] "infringe" "infringement"
## [2407] "infringements" "infuriate"
## [2409] "infuriated" "infuriating"
## [2411] "infuriatingly" "inglorious"
## [2413] "ingrate" "ingratitude"
## [2415] "inhibit" "inhibition"
## [2417] "inhospitable" "inhospitality"
## [2419] "inhuman" "inhumane"
## [2421] "inhumanity" "inimical"
## [2423] "inimically" "iniquitous"
## [2425] "iniquity" "injudicious"
## [2427] "injure" "injurious"
## [2429] "injury" "injustice"
## [2431] "injustices" "innuendo"
## [2433] "inoperable" "inopportune"
## [2435] "inordinate" "inordinately"
## [2437] "insane" "insanely"
## [2439] "insanity" "insatiable"
## [2441] "insecure" "insecurity"
## [2443] "insensible" "insensitive"
## [2445] "insensitively" "insensitivity"
## [2447] "insidious" "insidiously"
## [2449] "insignificance" "insignificant"
## [2451] "insignificantly" "insincere"
## [2453] "insincerely" "insincerity"
## [2455] "insinuate" "insinuating"
## [2457] "insinuation" "insociable"
## [2459] "insolence" "insolent"
## [2461] "insolently" "insolvent"
## [2463] "insouciance" "instability"
## [2465] "instable" "instigate"
## [2467] "instigator" "instigators"
## [2469] "insubordinate" "insubstantial"
## [2471] "insubstantially" "insufferable"
## [2473] "insufferably" "insufficiency"
## [2475] "insufficient" "insufficiently"
## [2477] "insular" "insult"
## [2479] "insulted" "insulting"
## [2481] "insultingly" "insults"
## [2483] "insupportable" "insupportably"
## [2485] "insurmountable" "insurmountably"
## [2487] "insurrection" "intefere"
## [2489] "inteferes" "intense"
## [2491] "interfere" "interference"
## [2493] "interferes" "intermittent"
## [2495] "interrupt" "interruption"
## [2497] "interruptions" "intimidate"
## [2499] "intimidating" "intimidatingly"
## [2501] "intimidation" "intolerable"
## [2503] "intolerablely" "intolerance"
## [2505] "intoxicate" "intractable"
## [2507] "intransigence" "intransigent"
## [2509] "intrude" "intrusion"
## [2511] "intrusive" "inundate"
## [2513] "inundated" "invader"
## [2515] "invalid" "invalidate"
## [2517] "invalidity" "invasive"
## [2519] "invective" "inveigle"
## [2521] "invidious" "invidiously"
## [2523] "invidiousness" "invisible"
## [2525] "involuntarily" "involuntary"
## [2527] "irascible" "irate"
## [2529] "irately" "ire"
## [2531] "irk" "irked"
## [2533] "irking" "irks"
## [2535] "irksome" "irksomely"
## [2537] "irksomeness" "irksomenesses"
## [2539] "ironic" "ironical"
## [2541] "ironically" "ironies"
## [2543] "irony" "irragularity"
## [2545] "irrational" "irrationalities"
## [2547] "irrationality" "irrationally"
## [2549] "irrationals" "irreconcilable"
## [2551] "irrecoverable" "irrecoverableness"
## [2553] "irrecoverablenesses" "irrecoverably"
## [2555] "irredeemable" "irredeemably"
## [2557] "irreformable" "irregular"
## [2559] "irregularity" "irrelevance"
## [2561] "irrelevant" "irreparable"
## [2563] "irreplacible" "irrepressible"
## [2565] "irresolute" "irresolvable"
## [2567] "irresponsible" "irresponsibly"
## [2569] "irretating" "irretrievable"
## [2571] "irreversible" "irritable"
## [2573] "irritably" "irritant"
## [2575] "irritate" "irritated"
## [2577] "irritating" "irritation"
## [2579] "irritations" "isolate"
## [2581] "isolated" "isolation"
## [2583] "issue" "issues"
## [2585] "itch" "itching"
## [2587] "itchy" "jabber"
## [2589] "jaded" "jagged"
## [2591] "jam" "jarring"
## [2593] "jaundiced" "jealous"
## [2595] "jealously" "jealousness"
## [2597] "jealousy" "jeer"
## [2599] "jeering" "jeeringly"
## [2601] "jeers" "jeopardize"
## [2603] "jeopardy" "jerk"
## [2605] "jerky" "jitter"
## [2607] "jitters" "jittery"
## [2609] "job-killing" "jobless"
## [2611] "joke" "joker"
## [2613] "jolt" "judder"
## [2615] "juddering" "judders"
## [2617] "jumpy" "junk"
## [2619] "junky" "junkyard"
## [2621] "jutter" "jutters"
## [2623] "kaput" "kill"
## [2625] "killed" "killer"
## [2627] "killing" "killjoy"
## [2629] "kills" "knave"
## [2631] "knife" "knock"
## [2633] "knotted" "kook"
## [2635] "kooky" "lack"
## [2637] "lackadaisical" "lacked"
## [2639] "lackey" "lackeys"
## [2641] "lacking" "lackluster"
## [2643] "lacks" "laconic"
## [2645] "lag" "lagged"
## [2647] "lagging" "laggy"
## [2649] "lags" "laid-off"
## [2651] "lambast" "lambaste"
## [2653] "lame" "lame-duck"
## [2655] "lament" "lamentable"
## [2657] "lamentably" "languid"
## [2659] "languish" "languor"
## [2661] "languorous" "languorously"
## [2663] "lanky" "lapse"
## [2665] "lapsed" "lapses"
## [2667] "lascivious" "last-ditch"
## [2669] "latency" "laughable"
## [2671] "laughably" "laughingstock"
## [2673] "lawbreaker" "lawbreaking"
## [2675] "lawless" "lawlessness"
## [2677] "layoff" "layoff-happy"
## [2679] "lazy" "leak"
## [2681] "leakage" "leakages"
## [2683] "leaking" "leaks"
## [2685] "leaky" "lech"
## [2687] "lecher" "lecherous"
## [2689] "lechery" "leech"
## [2691] "leer" "leery"
## [2693] "left-leaning" "lemon"
## [2695] "lengthy" "less-developed"
## [2697] "lesser-known" "letch"
## [2699] "lethal" "lethargic"
## [2701] "lethargy" "lewd"
## [2703] "lewdly" "lewdness"
## [2705] "liability" "liable"
## [2707] "liar" "liars"
## [2709] "licentious" "licentiously"
## [2711] "licentiousness" "lie"
## [2713] "lied" "lier"
## [2715] "lies" "life-threatening"
## [2717] "lifeless" "limit"
## [2719] "limitation" "limitations"
## [2721] "limited" "limits"
## [2723] "limp" "listless"
## [2725] "litigious" "little-known"
## [2727] "livid" "lividly"
## [2729] "loath" "loathe"
## [2731] "loathing" "loathly"
## [2733] "loathsome" "loathsomely"
## [2735] "lone" "loneliness"
## [2737] "lonely" "loner"
## [2739] "lonesome" "long-time"
## [2741] "long-winded" "longing"
## [2743] "longingly" "loophole"
## [2745] "loopholes" "loose"
## [2747] "loot" "lorn"
## [2749] "lose" "loser"
## [2751] "losers" "loses"
## [2753] "losing" "loss"
## [2755] "losses" "lost"
## [2757] "loud" "louder"
## [2759] "lousy" "loveless"
## [2761] "lovelorn" "low-rated"
## [2763] "lowly" "ludicrous"
## [2765] "ludicrously" "lugubrious"
## [2767] "lukewarm" "lull"
## [2769] "lumpy" "lunatic"
## [2771] "lunaticism" "lurch"
## [2773] "lure" "lurid"
## [2775] "lurk" "lurking"
## [2777] "lying" "macabre"
## [2779] "mad" "madden"
## [2781] "maddening" "maddeningly"
## [2783] "madder" "madly"
## [2785] "madman" "madness"
## [2787] "maladjusted" "maladjustment"
## [2789] "malady" "malaise"
## [2791] "malcontent" "malcontented"
## [2793] "maledict" "malevolence"
## [2795] "malevolent" "malevolently"
## [2797] "malice" "malicious"
## [2799] "maliciously" "maliciousness"
## [2801] "malign" "malignant"
## [2803] "malodorous" "maltreatment"
## [2805] "mangle" "mangled"
## [2807] "mangles" "mangling"
## [2809] "mania" "maniac"
## [2811] "maniacal" "manic"
## [2813] "manipulate" "manipulation"
## [2815] "manipulative" "manipulators"
## [2817] "mar" "marginal"
## [2819] "marginally" "martyrdom"
## [2821] "martyrdom-seeking" "mashed"
## [2823] "massacre" "massacres"
## [2825] "matte" "mawkish"
## [2827] "mawkishly" "mawkishness"
## [2829] "meager" "meaningless"
## [2831] "meanness" "measly"
## [2833] "meddle" "meddlesome"
## [2835] "mediocre" "mediocrity"
## [2837] "melancholy" "melodramatic"
## [2839] "melodramatically" "meltdown"
## [2841] "menace" "menacing"
## [2843] "menacingly" "mendacious"
## [2845] "mendacity" "menial"
## [2847] "merciless" "mercilessly"
## [2849] "mess" "messed"
## [2851] "messes" "messing"
## [2853] "messy" "midget"
## [2855] "miff" "militancy"
## [2857] "mindless" "mindlessly"
## [2859] "mirage" "mire"
## [2861] "misalign" "misaligned"
## [2863] "misaligns" "misapprehend"
## [2865] "misbecome" "misbecoming"
## [2867] "misbegotten" "misbehave"
## [2869] "misbehavior" "miscalculate"
## [2871] "miscalculation" "miscellaneous"
## [2873] "mischief" "mischievous"
## [2875] "mischievously" "misconception"
## [2877] "misconceptions" "miscreant"
## [2879] "miscreants" "misdirection"
## [2881] "miser" "miserable"
## [2883] "miserableness" "miserably"
## [2885] "miseries" "miserly"
## [2887] "misery" "misfit"
## [2889] "misfortune" "misgiving"
## [2891] "misgivings" "misguidance"
## [2893] "misguide" "misguided"
## [2895] "mishandle" "mishap"
## [2897] "misinform" "misinformed"
## [2899] "misinterpret" "misjudge"
## [2901] "misjudgment" "mislead"
## [2903] "misleading" "misleadingly"
## [2905] "mislike" "mismanage"
## [2907] "mispronounce" "mispronounced"
## [2909] "mispronounces" "misread"
## [2911] "misreading" "misrepresent"
## [2913] "misrepresentation" "miss"
## [2915] "missed" "misses"
## [2917] "misstatement" "mist"
## [2919] "mistake" "mistaken"
## [2921] "mistakenly" "mistakes"
## [2923] "mistified" "mistress"
## [2925] "mistrust" "mistrustful"
## [2927] "mistrustfully" "mists"
## [2929] "misunderstand" "misunderstanding"
## [2931] "misunderstandings" "misunderstood"
## [2933] "misuse" "moan"
## [2935] "mobster" "mock"
## [2937] "mocked" "mockeries"
## [2939] "mockery" "mocking"
## [2941] "mockingly" "mocks"
## [2943] "molest" "molestation"
## [2945] "monotonous" "monotony"
## [2947] "monster" "monstrosities"
## [2949] "monstrosity" "monstrous"
## [2951] "monstrously" "moody"
## [2953] "moot" "mope"
## [2955] "morbid" "morbidly"
## [2957] "mordant" "mordantly"
## [2959] "moribund" "moron"
## [2961] "moronic" "morons"
## [2963] "mortification" "mortified"
## [2965] "mortify" "mortifying"
## [2967] "motionless" "motley"
## [2969] "mourn" "mourner"
## [2971] "mournful" "mournfully"
## [2973] "muddle" "muddy"
## [2975] "mudslinger" "mudslinging"
## [2977] "mulish" "multi-polarization"
## [2979] "mundane" "murder"
## [2981] "murderer" "murderous"
## [2983] "murderously" "murky"
## [2985] "muscle-flexing" "mushy"
## [2987] "musty" "mysterious"
## [2989] "mysteriously" "mystery"
## [2991] "mystify" "myth"
## [2993] "nag" "nagging"
## [2995] "naive" "naively"
## [2997] "narrower" "nastily"
## [2999] "nastiness" "nasty"
## [3001] "naughty" "nauseate"
## [3003] "nauseates" "nauseating"
## [3005] "nauseatingly" "na\xefve"
## [3007] "nebulous" "nebulously"
## [3009] "needless" "needlessly"
## [3011] "needy" "nefarious"
## [3013] "nefariously" "negate"
## [3015] "negation" "negative"
## [3017] "negatives" "negativity"
## [3019] "neglect" "neglected"
## [3021] "negligence" "negligent"
## [3023] "nemesis" "nepotism"
## [3025] "nervous" "nervously"
## [3027] "nervousness" "nettle"
## [3029] "nettlesome" "neurotic"
## [3031] "neurotically" "niggle"
## [3033] "niggles" "nightmare"
## [3035] "nightmarish" "nightmarishly"
## [3037] "nitpick" "nitpicking"
## [3039] "noise" "noises"
## [3041] "noisier" "noisy"
## [3043] "non-confidence" "nonexistent"
## [3045] "nonresponsive" "nonsense"
## [3047] "nosey" "notoriety"
## [3049] "notorious" "notoriously"
## [3051] "noxious" "nuisance"
## [3053] "numb" "obese"
## [3055] "object" "objection"
## [3057] "objectionable" "objections"
## [3059] "oblique" "obliterate"
## [3061] "obliterated" "oblivious"
## [3063] "obnoxious" "obnoxiously"
## [3065] "obscene" "obscenely"
## [3067] "obscenity" "obscure"
## [3069] "obscured" "obscures"
## [3071] "obscurity" "obsess"
## [3073] "obsessive" "obsessively"
## [3075] "obsessiveness" "obsolete"
## [3077] "obstacle" "obstinate"
## [3079] "obstinately" "obstruct"
## [3081] "obstructed" "obstructing"
## [3083] "obstruction" "obstructs"
## [3085] "obtrusive" "obtuse"
## [3087] "occlude" "occluded"
## [3089] "occludes" "occluding"
## [3091] "odd" "odder"
## [3093] "oddest" "oddities"
## [3095] "oddity" "oddly"
## [3097] "odor" "offence"
## [3099] "offend" "offender"
## [3101] "offending" "offenses"
## [3103] "offensive" "offensively"
## [3105] "offensiveness" "officious"
## [3107] "ominous" "ominously"
## [3109] "omission" "omit"
## [3111] "one-sided" "onerous"
## [3113] "onerously" "onslaught"
## [3115] "opinionated" "opponent"
## [3117] "opportunistic" "oppose"
## [3119] "opposition" "oppositions"
## [3121] "oppress" "oppression"
## [3123] "oppressive" "oppressively"
## [3125] "oppressiveness" "oppressors"
## [3127] "ordeal" "orphan"
## [3129] "ostracize" "outbreak"
## [3131] "outburst" "outbursts"
## [3133] "outcast" "outcry"
## [3135] "outlaw" "outmoded"
## [3137] "outrage" "outraged"
## [3139] "outrageous" "outrageously"
## [3141] "outrageousness" "outrages"
## [3143] "outsider" "over-acted"
## [3145] "over-awe" "over-balanced"
## [3147] "over-hyped" "over-priced"
## [3149] "over-valuation" "overact"
## [3151] "overacted" "overawe"
## [3153] "overbalance" "overbalanced"
## [3155] "overbearing" "overbearingly"
## [3157] "overblown" "overdo"
## [3159] "overdone" "overdue"
## [3161] "overemphasize" "overheat"
## [3163] "overkill" "overloaded"
## [3165] "overlook" "overpaid"
## [3167] "overpayed" "overplay"
## [3169] "overpower" "overpriced"
## [3171] "overrated" "overreach"
## [3173] "overrun" "overshadow"
## [3175] "oversight" "oversights"
## [3177] "oversimplification" "oversimplified"
## [3179] "oversimplify" "oversize"
## [3181] "overstate" "overstated"
## [3183] "overstatement" "overstatements"
## [3185] "overstates" "overtaxed"
## [3187] "overthrow" "overthrows"
## [3189] "overturn" "overweight"
## [3191] "overwhelm" "overwhelmed"
## [3193] "overwhelming" "overwhelmingly"
## [3195] "overwhelms" "overzealous"
## [3197] "overzealously" "overzelous"
## [3199] "pain" "painful"
## [3201] "painfull" "painfully"
## [3203] "pains" "pale"
## [3205] "pales" "paltry"
## [3207] "pan" "pandemonium"
## [3209] "pander" "pandering"
## [3211] "panders" "panic"
## [3213] "panick" "panicked"
## [3215] "panicking" "panicky"
## [3217] "paradoxical" "paradoxically"
## [3219] "paralize" "paralyzed"
## [3221] "paranoia" "paranoid"
## [3223] "parasite" "pariah"
## [3225] "parody" "partiality"
## [3227] "partisan" "partisans"
## [3229] "passe" "passive"
## [3231] "passiveness" "pathetic"
## [3233] "pathetically" "patronize"
## [3235] "paucity" "pauper"
## [3237] "paupers" "payback"
## [3239] "peculiar" "peculiarly"
## [3241] "pedantic" "peeled"
## [3243] "peeve" "peeved"
## [3245] "peevish" "peevishly"
## [3247] "penalize" "penalty"
## [3249] "perfidious" "perfidity"
## [3251] "perfunctory" "peril"
## [3253] "perilous" "perilously"
## [3255] "perish" "pernicious"
## [3257] "perplex" "perplexed"
## [3259] "perplexing" "perplexity"
## [3261] "persecute" "persecution"
## [3263] "pertinacious" "pertinaciously"
## [3265] "pertinacity" "perturb"
## [3267] "perturbed" "pervasive"
## [3269] "perverse" "perversely"
## [3271] "perversion" "perversity"
## [3273] "pervert" "perverted"
## [3275] "perverts" "pessimism"
## [3277] "pessimistic" "pessimistically"
## [3279] "pest" "pestilent"
## [3281] "petrified" "petrify"
## [3283] "pettifog" "petty"
## [3285] "phobia" "phobic"
## [3287] "phony" "picket"
## [3289] "picketed" "picketing"
## [3291] "pickets" "picky"
## [3293] "pig" "pigs"
## [3295] "pillage" "pillory"
## [3297] "pimple" "pinch"
## [3299] "pique" "pitiable"
## [3301] "pitiful" "pitifully"
## [3303] "pitiless" "pitilessly"
## [3305] "pittance" "pity"
## [3307] "plagiarize" "plague"
## [3309] "plasticky" "plaything"
## [3311] "plea" "pleas"
## [3313] "plebeian" "plight"
## [3315] "plot" "plotters"
## [3317] "ploy" "plunder"
## [3319] "plunderer" "pointless"
## [3321] "pointlessly" "poison"
## [3323] "poisonous" "poisonously"
## [3325] "pokey" "poky"
## [3327] "polarisation" "polemize"
## [3329] "pollute" "polluter"
## [3331] "polluters" "polution"
## [3333] "pompous" "poor"
## [3335] "poorer" "poorest"
## [3337] "poorly" "posturing"
## [3339] "pout" "poverty"
## [3341] "powerless" "prate"
## [3343] "pratfall" "prattle"
## [3345] "precarious" "precariously"
## [3347] "precipitate" "precipitous"
## [3349] "predatory" "predicament"
## [3351] "prejudge" "prejudice"
## [3353] "prejudices" "prejudicial"
## [3355] "premeditated" "preoccupy"
## [3357] "preposterous" "preposterously"
## [3359] "presumptuous" "presumptuously"
## [3361] "pretence" "pretend"
## [3363] "pretense" "pretentious"
## [3365] "pretentiously" "prevaricate"
## [3367] "pricey" "pricier"
## [3369] "prick" "prickle"
## [3371] "prickles" "prideful"
## [3373] "prik" "primitive"
## [3375] "prison" "prisoner"
## [3377] "problem" "problematic"
## [3379] "problems" "procrastinate"
## [3381] "procrastinates" "procrastination"
## [3383] "profane" "profanity"
## [3385] "prohibit" "prohibitive"
## [3387] "prohibitively" "propaganda"
## [3389] "propagandize" "proprietary"
## [3391] "prosecute" "protest"
## [3393] "protested" "protesting"
## [3395] "protests" "protracted"
## [3397] "provocation" "provocative"
## [3399] "provoke" "pry"
## [3401] "pugnacious" "pugnaciously"
## [3403] "pugnacity" "punch"
## [3405] "punish" "punishable"
## [3407] "punitive" "punk"
## [3409] "puny" "puppet"
## [3411] "puppets" "puzzled"
## [3413] "puzzlement" "puzzling"
## [3415] "quack" "qualm"
## [3417] "qualms" "quandary"
## [3419] "quarrel" "quarrellous"
## [3421] "quarrellously" "quarrels"
## [3423] "quarrelsome" "quash"
## [3425] "queer" "questionable"
## [3427] "quibble" "quibbles"
## [3429] "quitter" "rabid"
## [3431] "racism" "racist"
## [3433] "racists" "racy"
## [3435] "radical" "radicalization"
## [3437] "radically" "radicals"
## [3439] "rage" "ragged"
## [3441] "raging" "rail"
## [3443] "raked" "rampage"
## [3445] "rampant" "ramshackle"
## [3447] "rancor" "randomly"
## [3449] "rankle" "rant"
## [3451] "ranted" "ranting"
## [3453] "rantingly" "rants"
## [3455] "rape" "raped"
## [3457] "raping" "rascal"
## [3459] "rascals" "rash"
## [3461] "rattle" "rattled"
## [3463] "rattles" "ravage"
## [3465] "raving" "reactionary"
## [3467] "rebellious" "rebuff"
## [3469] "rebuke" "recalcitrant"
## [3471] "recant" "recession"
## [3473] "recessionary" "reckless"
## [3475] "recklessly" "recklessness"
## [3477] "recoil" "recourses"
## [3479] "redundancy" "redundant"
## [3481] "refusal" "refuse"
## [3483] "refused" "refuses"
## [3485] "refusing" "refutation"
## [3487] "refute" "refuted"
## [3489] "refutes" "refuting"
## [3491] "regress" "regression"
## [3493] "regressive" "regret"
## [3495] "regreted" "regretful"
## [3497] "regretfully" "regrets"
## [3499] "regrettable" "regrettably"
## [3501] "regretted" "reject"
## [3503] "rejected" "rejecting"
## [3505] "rejection" "rejects"
## [3507] "relapse" "relentless"
## [3509] "relentlessly" "relentlessness"
## [3511] "reluctance" "reluctant"
## [3513] "reluctantly" "remorse"
## [3515] "remorseful" "remorsefully"
## [3517] "remorseless" "remorselessly"
## [3519] "remorselessness" "renounce"
## [3521] "renunciation" "repel"
## [3523] "repetitive" "reprehensible"
## [3525] "reprehensibly" "reprehension"
## [3527] "reprehensive" "repress"
## [3529] "repression" "repressive"
## [3531] "reprimand" "reproach"
## [3533] "reproachful" "reprove"
## [3535] "reprovingly" "repudiate"
## [3537] "repudiation" "repugn"
## [3539] "repugnance" "repugnant"
## [3541] "repugnantly" "repulse"
## [3543] "repulsed" "repulsing"
## [3545] "repulsive" "repulsively"
## [3547] "repulsiveness" "resent"
## [3549] "resentful" "resentment"
## [3551] "resignation" "resigned"
## [3553] "resistance" "restless"
## [3555] "restlessness" "restrict"
## [3557] "restricted" "restriction"
## [3559] "restrictive" "resurgent"
## [3561] "retaliate" "retaliatory"
## [3563] "retard" "retarded"
## [3565] "retardedness" "retards"
## [3567] "reticent" "retract"
## [3569] "retreat" "retreated"
## [3571] "revenge" "revengeful"
## [3573] "revengefully" "revert"
## [3575] "revile" "reviled"
## [3577] "revoke" "revolt"
## [3579] "revolting" "revoltingly"
## [3581] "revulsion" "revulsive"
## [3583] "rhapsodize" "rhetoric"
## [3585] "rhetorical" "ricer"
## [3587] "ridicule" "ridicules"
## [3589] "ridiculous" "ridiculously"
## [3591] "rife" "rift"
## [3593] "rifts" "rigid"
## [3595] "rigidity" "rigidness"
## [3597] "rile" "riled"
## [3599] "rip" "rip-off"
## [3601] "ripoff" "ripped"
## [3603] "risk" "risks"
## [3605] "risky" "rival"
## [3607] "rivalry" "roadblocks"
## [3609] "rocky" "rogue"
## [3611] "rollercoaster" "rot"
## [3613] "rotten" "rough"
## [3615] "rremediable" "rubbish"
## [3617] "rude" "rue"
## [3619] "ruffian" "ruffle"
## [3621] "ruin" "ruined"
## [3623] "ruining" "ruinous"
## [3625] "ruins" "rumbling"
## [3627] "rumor" "rumors"
## [3629] "rumours" "rumple"
## [3631] "run-down" "runaway"
## [3633] "rupture" "rust"
## [3635] "rusts" "rusty"
## [3637] "rut" "ruthless"
## [3639] "ruthlessly" "ruthlessness"
## [3641] "ruts" "sabotage"
## [3643] "sack" "sacrificed"
## [3645] "sad" "sadden"
## [3647] "sadly" "sadness"
## [3649] "sag" "sagged"
## [3651] "sagging" "saggy"
## [3653] "sags" "salacious"
## [3655] "sanctimonious" "sap"
## [3657] "sarcasm" "sarcastic"
## [3659] "sarcastically" "sardonic"
## [3661] "sardonically" "sass"
## [3663] "satirical" "satirize"
## [3665] "savage" "savaged"
## [3667] "savagery" "savages"
## [3669] "scaly" "scam"
## [3671] "scams" "scandal"
## [3673] "scandalize" "scandalized"
## [3675] "scandalous" "scandalously"
## [3677] "scandals" "scandel"
## [3679] "scandels" "scant"
## [3681] "scapegoat" "scar"
## [3683] "scarce" "scarcely"
## [3685] "scarcity" "scare"
## [3687] "scared" "scarier"
## [3689] "scariest" "scarily"
## [3691] "scarred" "scars"
## [3693] "scary" "scathing"
## [3695] "scathingly" "sceptical"
## [3697] "scoff" "scoffingly"
## [3699] "scold" "scolded"
## [3701] "scolding" "scoldingly"
## [3703] "scorching" "scorchingly"
## [3705] "scorn" "scornful"
## [3707] "scornfully" "scoundrel"
## [3709] "scourge" "scowl"
## [3711] "scramble" "scrambled"
## [3713] "scrambles" "scrambling"
## [3715] "scrap" "scratch"
## [3717] "scratched" "scratches"
## [3719] "scratchy" "scream"
## [3721] "screech" "screw-up"
## [3723] "screwed" "screwed-up"
## [3725] "screwy" "scuff"
## [3727] "scuffs" "scum"
## [3729] "scummy" "second-class"
## [3731] "second-tier" "secretive"
## [3733] "sedentary" "seedy"
## [3735] "seethe" "seething"
## [3737] "self-coup" "self-criticism"
## [3739] "self-defeating" "self-destructive"
## [3741] "self-humiliation" "self-interest"
## [3743] "self-interested" "self-serving"
## [3745] "selfinterested" "selfish"
## [3747] "selfishly" "selfishness"
## [3749] "semi-retarded" "senile"
## [3751] "sensationalize" "senseless"
## [3753] "senselessly" "seriousness"
## [3755] "sermonize" "servitude"
## [3757] "set-up" "setback"
## [3759] "setbacks" "sever"
## [3761] "severe" "severity"
## [3763] "sh*t" "shabby"
## [3765] "shadowy" "shady"
## [3767] "shake" "shaky"
## [3769] "shallow" "sham"
## [3771] "shambles" "shame"
## [3773] "shameful" "shamefully"
## [3775] "shamefulness" "shameless"
## [3777] "shamelessly" "shamelessness"
## [3779] "shark" "sharply"
## [3781] "shatter" "shemale"
## [3783] "shimmer" "shimmy"
## [3785] "shipwreck" "shirk"
## [3787] "shirker" "shit"
## [3789] "shiver" "shock"
## [3791] "shocked" "shocking"
## [3793] "shockingly" "shoddy"
## [3795] "short-lived" "shortage"
## [3797] "shortchange" "shortcoming"
## [3799] "shortcomings" "shortness"
## [3801] "shortsighted" "shortsightedness"
## [3803] "showdown" "shrew"
## [3805] "shriek" "shrill"
## [3807] "shrilly" "shrivel"
## [3809] "shroud" "shrouded"
## [3811] "shrug" "shun"
## [3813] "shunned" "sick"
## [3815] "sicken" "sickening"
## [3817] "sickeningly" "sickly"
## [3819] "sickness" "sidetrack"
## [3821] "sidetracked" "siege"
## [3823] "sillily" "silly"
## [3825] "simplistic" "simplistically"
## [3827] "sin" "sinful"
## [3829] "sinfully" "sinister"
## [3831] "sinisterly" "sink"
## [3833] "sinking" "skeletons"
## [3835] "skeptic" "skeptical"
## [3837] "skeptically" "skepticism"
## [3839] "sketchy" "skimpy"
## [3841] "skinny" "skittish"
## [3843] "skittishly" "skulk"
## [3845] "slack" "slander"
## [3847] "slanderer" "slanderous"
## [3849] "slanderously" "slanders"
## [3851] "slap" "slashing"
## [3853] "slaughter" "slaughtered"
## [3855] "slave" "slaves"
## [3857] "sleazy" "slime"
## [3859] "slog" "slogged"
## [3861] "slogging" "slogs"
## [3863] "sloooooooooooooow" "sloooow"
## [3865] "slooow" "sloow"
## [3867] "sloppily" "sloppy"
## [3869] "sloth" "slothful"
## [3871] "slow" "slow-moving"
## [3873] "slowed" "slower"
## [3875] "slowest" "slowly"
## [3877] "sloww" "slowww"
## [3879] "slowwww" "slug"
## [3881] "sluggish" "slump"
## [3883] "slumping" "slumpping"
## [3885] "slur" "slut"
## [3887] "sluts" "sly"
## [3889] "smack" "smallish"
## [3891] "smash" "smear"
## [3893] "smell" "smelled"
## [3895] "smelling" "smells"
## [3897] "smelly" "smelt"
## [3899] "smoke" "smokescreen"
## [3901] "smolder" "smoldering"
## [3903] "smother" "smoulder"
## [3905] "smouldering" "smudge"
## [3907] "smudged" "smudges"
## [3909] "smudging" "smug"
## [3911] "smugly" "smut"
## [3913] "smuttier" "smuttiest"
## [3915] "smutty" "snag"
## [3917] "snagged" "snagging"
## [3919] "snags" "snappish"
## [3921] "snappishly" "snare"
## [3923] "snarky" "snarl"
## [3925] "sneak" "sneakily"
## [3927] "sneaky" "sneer"
## [3929] "sneering" "sneeringly"
## [3931] "snob" "snobbish"
## [3933] "snobby" "snobish"
## [3935] "snobs" "snub"
## [3937] "so-cal" "soapy"
## [3939] "sob" "sober"
## [3941] "sobering" "solemn"
## [3943] "solicitude" "somber"
## [3945] "sore" "sorely"
## [3947] "soreness" "sorrow"
## [3949] "sorrowful" "sorrowfully"
## [3951] "sorry" "sour"
## [3953] "sourly" "spade"
## [3955] "spank" "spendy"
## [3957] "spew" "spewed"
## [3959] "spewing" "spews"
## [3961] "spilling" "spinster"
## [3963] "spiritless" "spite"
## [3965] "spiteful" "spitefully"
## [3967] "spitefulness" "splatter"
## [3969] "split" "splitting"
## [3971] "spoil" "spoilage"
## [3973] "spoilages" "spoiled"
## [3975] "spoilled" "spoils"
## [3977] "spook" "spookier"
## [3979] "spookiest" "spookily"
## [3981] "spooky" "spoon-fed"
## [3983] "spoon-feed" "spoonfed"
## [3985] "sporadic" "spotty"
## [3987] "spurious" "spurn"
## [3989] "sputter" "squabble"
## [3991] "squabbling" "squander"
## [3993] "squash" "squeak"
## [3995] "squeaks" "squeaky"
## [3997] "squeal" "squealing"
## [3999] "squeals" "squirm"
## [4001] "stab" "stagnant"
## [4003] "stagnate" "stagnation"
## [4005] "staid" "stain"
## [4007] "stains" "stale"
## [4009] "stalemate" "stall"
## [4011] "stalls" "stammer"
## [4013] "stampede" "standstill"
## [4015] "stark" "starkly"
## [4017] "startle" "startling"
## [4019] "startlingly" "starvation"
## [4021] "starve" "static"
## [4023] "steal" "stealing"
## [4025] "steals" "steep"
## [4027] "steeply" "stench"
## [4029] "stereotype" "stereotypical"
## [4031] "stereotypically" "stern"
## [4033] "stew" "sticky"
## [4035] "stiff" "stiffness"
## [4037] "stifle" "stifling"
## [4039] "stiflingly" "stigma"
## [4041] "stigmatize" "sting"
## [4043] "stinging" "stingingly"
## [4045] "stingy" "stink"
## [4047] "stinks" "stodgy"
## [4049] "stole" "stolen"
## [4051] "stooge" "stooges"
## [4053] "stormy" "straggle"
## [4055] "straggler" "strain"
## [4057] "strained" "straining"
## [4059] "strange" "strangely"
## [4061] "stranger" "strangest"
## [4063] "strangle" "streaky"
## [4065] "strenuous" "stress"
## [4067] "stresses" "stressful"
## [4069] "stressfully" "stricken"
## [4071] "strict" "strictly"
## [4073] "strident" "stridently"
## [4075] "strife" "strike"
## [4077] "stringent" "stringently"
## [4079] "struck" "struggle"
## [4081] "struggled" "struggles"
## [4083] "struggling" "strut"
## [4085] "stubborn" "stubbornly"
## [4087] "stubbornness" "stuck"
## [4089] "stuffy" "stumble"
## [4091] "stumbled" "stumbles"
## [4093] "stump" "stumped"
## [4095] "stumps" "stun"
## [4097] "stunt" "stunted"
## [4099] "stupid" "stupidest"
## [4101] "stupidity" "stupidly"
## [4103] "stupified" "stupify"
## [4105] "stupor" "stutter"
## [4107] "stuttered" "stuttering"
## [4109] "stutters" "sty"
## [4111] "stymied" "sub-par"
## [4113] "subdued" "subjected"
## [4115] "subjection" "subjugate"
## [4117] "subjugation" "submissive"
## [4119] "subordinate" "subpoena"
## [4121] "subpoenas" "subservience"
## [4123] "subservient" "substandard"
## [4125] "subtract" "subversion"
## [4127] "subversive" "subversively"
## [4129] "subvert" "succumb"
## [4131] "suck" "sucked"
## [4133] "sucker" "sucks"
## [4135] "sucky" "sue"
## [4137] "sued" "sueing"
## [4139] "sues" "suffer"
## [4141] "suffered" "sufferer"
## [4143] "sufferers" "suffering"
## [4145] "suffers" "suffocate"
## [4147] "sugar-coat" "sugar-coated"
## [4149] "sugarcoated" "suicidal"
## [4151] "suicide" "sulk"
## [4153] "sullen" "sully"
## [4155] "sunder" "sunk"
## [4157] "sunken" "superficial"
## [4159] "superficiality" "superficially"
## [4161] "superfluous" "superstition"
## [4163] "superstitious" "suppress"
## [4165] "suppression" "surrender"
## [4167] "susceptible" "suspect"
## [4169] "suspicion" "suspicions"
## [4171] "suspicious" "suspiciously"
## [4173] "swagger" "swamped"
## [4175] "sweaty" "swelled"
## [4177] "swelling" "swindle"
## [4179] "swipe" "swollen"
## [4181] "symptom" "symptoms"
## [4183] "syndrome" "taboo"
## [4185] "tacky" "taint"
## [4187] "tainted" "tamper"
## [4189] "tangle" "tangled"
## [4191] "tangles" "tank"
## [4193] "tanked" "tanks"
## [4195] "tantrum" "tardy"
## [4197] "tarnish" "tarnished"
## [4199] "tarnishes" "tarnishing"
## [4201] "tattered" "taunt"
## [4203] "taunting" "tauntingly"
## [4205] "taunts" "taut"
## [4207] "tawdry" "taxing"
## [4209] "tease" "teasingly"
## [4211] "tedious" "tediously"
## [4213] "temerity" "temper"
## [4215] "tempest" "temptation"
## [4217] "tenderness" "tense"
## [4219] "tension" "tentative"
## [4221] "tentatively" "tenuous"
## [4223] "tenuously" "tepid"
## [4225] "terrible" "terribleness"
## [4227] "terribly" "terror"
## [4229] "terror-genic" "terrorism"
## [4231] "terrorize" "testily"
## [4233] "testy" "tetchily"
## [4235] "tetchy" "thankless"
## [4237] "thicker" "thirst"
## [4239] "thorny" "thoughtless"
## [4241] "thoughtlessly" "thoughtlessness"
## [4243] "thrash" "threat"
## [4245] "threaten" "threatening"
## [4247] "threats" "threesome"
## [4249] "throb" "throbbed"
## [4251] "throbbing" "throbs"
## [4253] "throttle" "thug"
## [4255] "thumb-down" "thumbs-down"
## [4257] "thwart" "time-consuming"
## [4259] "timid" "timidity"
## [4261] "timidly" "timidness"
## [4263] "tin-y" "tingled"
## [4265] "tingling" "tired"
## [4267] "tiresome" "tiring"
## [4269] "tiringly" "toil"
## [4271] "toll" "top-heavy"
## [4273] "topple" "torment"
## [4275] "tormented" "torrent"
## [4277] "tortuous" "torture"
## [4279] "tortured" "tortures"
## [4281] "torturing" "torturous"
## [4283] "torturously" "totalitarian"
## [4285] "touchy" "toughness"
## [4287] "tout" "touted"
## [4289] "touts" "toxic"
## [4291] "traduce" "tragedy"
## [4293] "tragic" "tragically"
## [4295] "traitor" "traitorous"
## [4297] "traitorously" "tramp"
## [4299] "trample" "transgress"
## [4301] "transgression" "trap"
## [4303] "traped" "trapped"
## [4305] "trash" "trashed"
## [4307] "trashy" "trauma"
## [4309] "traumatic" "traumatically"
## [4311] "traumatize" "traumatized"
## [4313] "travesties" "travesty"
## [4315] "treacherous" "treacherously"
## [4317] "treachery" "treason"
## [4319] "treasonous" "trick"
## [4321] "tricked" "trickery"
## [4323] "tricky" "trivial"
## [4325] "trivialize" "trouble"
## [4327] "troubled" "troublemaker"
## [4329] "troubles" "troublesome"
## [4331] "troublesomely" "troubling"
## [4333] "troublingly" "truant"
## [4335] "tumble" "tumbled"
## [4337] "tumbles" "tumultuous"
## [4339] "turbulent" "turmoil"
## [4341] "twist" "twisted"
## [4343] "twists" "two-faced"
## [4345] "two-faces" "tyrannical"
## [4347] "tyrannically" "tyranny"
## [4349] "tyrant" "ugh"
## [4351] "uglier" "ugliest"
## [4353] "ugliness" "ugly"
## [4355] "ulterior" "ultimatum"
## [4357] "ultimatums" "ultra-hardline"
## [4359] "un-viewable" "unable"
## [4361] "unacceptable" "unacceptablely"
## [4363] "unacceptably" "unaccessible"
## [4365] "unaccustomed" "unachievable"
## [4367] "unaffordable" "unappealing"
## [4369] "unattractive" "unauthentic"
## [4371] "unavailable" "unavoidably"
## [4373] "unbearable" "unbearablely"
## [4375] "unbelievable" "unbelievably"
## [4377] "uncaring" "uncertain"
## [4379] "uncivil" "uncivilized"
## [4381] "unclean" "unclear"
## [4383] "uncollectible" "uncomfortable"
## [4385] "uncomfortably" "uncomfy"
## [4387] "uncompetitive" "uncompromising"
## [4389] "uncompromisingly" "unconfirmed"
## [4391] "unconstitutional" "uncontrolled"
## [4393] "unconvincing" "unconvincingly"
## [4395] "uncooperative" "uncouth"
## [4397] "uncreative" "undecided"
## [4399] "undefined" "undependability"
## [4401] "undependable" "undercut"
## [4403] "undercuts" "undercutting"
## [4405] "underdog" "underestimate"
## [4407] "underlings" "undermine"
## [4409] "undermined" "undermines"
## [4411] "undermining" "underpaid"
## [4413] "underpowered" "undersized"
## [4415] "undesirable" "undetermined"
## [4417] "undid" "undignified"
## [4419] "undissolved" "undocumented"
## [4421] "undone" "undue"
## [4423] "unease" "uneasily"
## [4425] "uneasiness" "uneasy"
## [4427] "uneconomical" "unemployed"
## [4429] "unequal" "unethical"
## [4431] "uneven" "uneventful"
## [4433] "unexpected" "unexpectedly"
## [4435] "unexplained" "unfairly"
## [4437] "unfaithful" "unfaithfully"
## [4439] "unfamiliar" "unfavorable"
## [4441] "unfeeling" "unfinished"
## [4443] "unfit" "unforeseen"
## [4445] "unforgiving" "unfortunate"
## [4447] "unfortunately" "unfounded"
## [4449] "unfriendly" "unfulfilled"
## [4451] "unfunded" "ungovernable"
## [4453] "ungrateful" "unhappily"
## [4455] "unhappiness" "unhappy"
## [4457] "unhealthy" "unhelpful"
## [4459] "unilateralism" "unimaginable"
## [4461] "unimaginably" "unimportant"
## [4463] "uninformed" "uninsured"
## [4465] "unintelligible" "unintelligile"
## [4467] "unipolar" "unjust"
## [4469] "unjustifiable" "unjustifiably"
## [4471] "unjustified" "unjustly"
## [4473] "unkind" "unkindly"
## [4475] "unknown" "unlamentable"
## [4477] "unlamentably" "unlawful"
## [4479] "unlawfully" "unlawfulness"
## [4481] "unleash" "unlicensed"
## [4483] "unlikely" "unlucky"
## [4485] "unmoved" "unnatural"
## [4487] "unnaturally" "unnecessary"
## [4489] "unneeded" "unnerve"
## [4491] "unnerved" "unnerving"
## [4493] "unnervingly" "unnoticed"
## [4495] "unobserved" "unorthodox"
## [4497] "unorthodoxy" "unpleasant"
## [4499] "unpleasantries" "unpopular"
## [4501] "unpredictable" "unprepared"
## [4503] "unproductive" "unprofitable"
## [4505] "unprove" "unproved"
## [4507] "unproven" "unproves"
## [4509] "unproving" "unqualified"
## [4511] "unravel" "unraveled"
## [4513] "unreachable" "unreadable"
## [4515] "unrealistic" "unreasonable"
## [4517] "unreasonably" "unrelenting"
## [4519] "unrelentingly" "unreliability"
## [4521] "unreliable" "unresolved"
## [4523] "unresponsive" "unrest"
## [4525] "unruly" "unsafe"
## [4527] "unsatisfactory" "unsavory"
## [4529] "unscrupulous" "unscrupulously"
## [4531] "unsecure" "unseemly"
## [4533] "unsettle" "unsettled"
## [4535] "unsettling" "unsettlingly"
## [4537] "unskilled" "unsophisticated"
## [4539] "unsound" "unspeakable"
## [4541] "unspeakablely" "unspecified"
## [4543] "unstable" "unsteadily"
## [4545] "unsteadiness" "unsteady"
## [4547] "unsuccessful" "unsuccessfully"
## [4549] "unsupported" "unsupportive"
## [4551] "unsure" "unsuspecting"
## [4553] "unsustainable" "untenable"
## [4555] "untested" "unthinkable"
## [4557] "unthinkably" "untimely"
## [4559] "untouched" "untrue"
## [4561] "untrustworthy" "untruthful"
## [4563] "unusable" "unusably"
## [4565] "unuseable" "unuseably"
## [4567] "unusual" "unusually"
## [4569] "unviewable" "unwanted"
## [4571] "unwarranted" "unwatchable"
## [4573] "unwelcome" "unwell"
## [4575] "unwieldy" "unwilling"
## [4577] "unwillingly" "unwillingness"
## [4579] "unwise" "unwisely"
## [4581] "unworkable" "unworthy"
## [4583] "unyielding" "upbraid"
## [4585] "upheaval" "uprising"
## [4587] "uproar" "uproarious"
## [4589] "uproariously" "uproarous"
## [4591] "uproarously" "uproot"
## [4593] "upset" "upseting"
## [4595] "upsets" "upsetting"
## [4597] "upsettingly" "urgent"
## [4599] "useless" "usurp"
## [4601] "usurper" "utterly"
## [4603] "vagrant" "vague"
## [4605] "vagueness" "vain"
## [4607] "vainly" "vanity"
## [4609] "vehement" "vehemently"
## [4611] "vengeance" "vengeful"
## [4613] "vengefully" "vengefulness"
## [4615] "venom" "venomous"
## [4617] "venomously" "vent"
## [4619] "vestiges" "vex"
## [4621] "vexation" "vexing"
## [4623] "vexingly" "vibrate"
## [4625] "vibrated" "vibrates"
## [4627] "vibrating" "vibration"
## [4629] "vice" "vicious"
## [4631] "viciously" "viciousness"
## [4633] "victimize" "vile"
## [4635] "vileness" "vilify"
## [4637] "villainous" "villainously"
## [4639] "villains" "villian"
## [4641] "villianous" "villianously"
## [4643] "villify" "vindictive"
## [4645] "vindictively" "vindictiveness"
## [4647] "violate" "violation"
## [4649] "violator" "violators"
## [4651] "violent" "violently"
## [4653] "viper" "virulence"
## [4655] "virulent" "virulently"
## [4657] "virus" "vociferous"
## [4659] "vociferously" "volatile"
## [4661] "volatility" "vomit"
## [4663] "vomited" "vomiting"
## [4665] "vomits" "vulgar"
## [4667] "vulnerable" "wack"
## [4669] "wail" "wallow"
## [4671] "wane" "waning"
## [4673] "wanton" "war-like"
## [4675] "warily" "wariness"
## [4677] "warlike" "warned"
## [4679] "warning" "warp"
## [4681] "warped" "wary"
## [4683] "washed-out" "waste"
## [4685] "wasted" "wasteful"
## [4687] "wastefulness" "wasting"
## [4689] "water-down" "watered-down"
## [4691] "wayward" "weak"
## [4693] "weaken" "weakening"
## [4695] "weaker" "weakness"
## [4697] "weaknesses" "weariness"
## [4699] "wearisome" "weary"
## [4701] "wedge" "weed"
## [4703] "weep" "weird"
## [4705] "weirdly" "wheedle"
## [4707] "whimper" "whine"
## [4709] "whining" "whiny"
## [4711] "whips" "whore"
## [4713] "whores" "wicked"
## [4715] "wickedly" "wickedness"
## [4717] "wild" "wildly"
## [4719] "wiles" "wilt"
## [4721] "wily" "wimpy"
## [4723] "wince" "wobble"
## [4725] "wobbled" "wobbles"
## [4727] "woe" "woebegone"
## [4729] "woeful" "woefully"
## [4731] "womanizer" "womanizing"
## [4733] "worn" "worried"
## [4735] "worriedly" "worrier"
## [4737] "worries" "worrisome"
## [4739] "worry" "worrying"
## [4741] "worryingly" "worse"
## [4743] "worsen" "worsening"
## [4745] "worst" "worthless"
## [4747] "worthlessly" "worthlessness"
## [4749] "wound" "wounds"
## [4751] "wrangle" "wrath"
## [4753] "wreak" "wreaked"
## [4755] "wreaks" "wreck"
## [4757] "wrest" "wrestle"
## [4759] "wretch" "wretched"
## [4761] "wretchedly" "wretchedness"
## [4763] "wrinkle" "wrinkled"
## [4765] "wrinkles" "wrip"
## [4767] "wripped" "wripping"
## [4769] "writhe" "wrong"
## [4771] "wrongful" "wrongly"
## [4773] "wrought" "yawn"
## [4775] "zap" "zapped"
## [4777] "zaps" "zealot"
## [4779] "zealous" "zealously"
## [4781] "zombie"I then used the match function to check for matches between my character vector and the respective databases. I calculated the total number of positively and negatively valenced words.
match(fem10, pos) #Boolean, checks for matches between data and positive corpus. NA = no match## [1] 1088 NA NA NA 858 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1088 NA
## [15] NA 1089 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [29] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [43] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [57] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 329 NA NA NA NA
## [71] NA NA 1088 1748 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [85] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [99] 694 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [113] 1936 NA NA NA NA 1199 1936 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [127] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [141] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 884 NA
## [155] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [169] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [183] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [197] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 884 NA NA NA 884 NA NA
## [211] NA NA 1090 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [225] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [239] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [253] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [267] NA 560 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [281] NA NA NA NA NA NA 637 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [295] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 294 NA
## [309] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1014 NA 1769 801
## [323] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [337] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [351] NA NA NA NA 241 1368 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [365] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [379] NA NA NA NA NA 1980 NA NA NA 539 NA NA NA NA
## [393] NA NA NA NA NA 966 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [407] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1987
## [421] NA NA NA 848 884 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1792 NA NA
## [435] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 396 NA NA NA NA NA
## [449] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [463] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [477] 1702 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1343 NA
## [491] NA NA NA NA 1271 NA NA NA NA NA 1936 NA NA NA
## [505] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1200 NA
## [519] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1405 NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [533] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 964
## [547] NA 1760 NA 1702 NA NA 1073 NA NA NA 1702 NA NA NA
## [561] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1073 NA 1702 NA 379 NA 1012
## [575] NA 998 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1012 379 998 NA NA NA
## [589] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 196 NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [603] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [617] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [631] NA 1490 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [645] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1088 NA NA NA NA
## [659] NA NA NA 964 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [673] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [687] NA 1996 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [701] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [715] NA NA NA NA NA 1322 NA NA NA NA 925 NA NA NA
## [729] NA NA NA NA 200 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [743] NA NA 1088 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 881
## [757] NA 881 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [771] 857 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [785] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [799] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [813] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1979 NA NA
## [827] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [841] NA NA NA NA 49 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [855] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [869] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [883] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [897] NA NA NA NA 1729 1729 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [911] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1727 NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [925] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [939] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 129 NA
## [953] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 964 NA NA 832 NA NA
## [967] NA 1043 1098 NA 1746 NA NA 129 NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [981] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [995] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1498 NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1009] NA NA 1987 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1023] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1037] NA 476 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1051] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1065] NA NA NA NA NA NA 1498 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1079] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1271 NA NA NA
## [1093] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 751 NA NA
## [1107] NA NA NA 1393 NA NA 1099 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1121] NA 1271 NA NA NA NA NA 1271 NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1135] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 18 NA NA
## [1149] 832 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1163] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1533 NA NA NA NA 1283 NA
## [1177] NA NA NA 1327 NA NA 1327 NA NA NA NA 1979 NA NA
## [1191] 1987 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1205] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1219] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1233] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1247] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1261] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1275] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1289] 1987 NA NA NA 1090 NA 832 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1303] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1317] NA NA NA NA NA NA 881 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1331] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1345] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1359] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1373] NA NA 679 NA NA NA 683 NA NA NA NA NA NA 241
## [1387] 241 NA 1979 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1401] NA NA NA 964 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1415] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 241
## [1429] NA 1980 1101 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1443] NA NA NA 1088 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1457] NA NA NA NA 1901 1614 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1471] NA 1212 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1987 NA
## [1485] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1792 NA NA
## [1499] 1285 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1513] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1527] NA NA NA 1936 NA NA NA 549 NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1541] NA NA NA NA NA NA 1992 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1555] NA 1602 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1569] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1425 NA NA NA NA
## [1583] NA NA NA NA NA NA 1425 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1597] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 335 NA
## [1611] NA NA NA NA 309 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1625] NA NA NA 476 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1639] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1014 NA 1088
## [1653] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1667] NA 1088 NA NA NA 729 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1681] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1695] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 476 NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1709] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1723] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1936 NA NA NA NA
## [1737] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1751] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1765] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1779] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1793] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1807] 1088 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1821] NA 832 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1979 NA NA NA
## [1835] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1849] 174 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1863] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 349 NA
## [1877] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1891] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1905] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1919] NA NA NA NA NA 1271 NA NA NA NA 1099 1533 NA NA
## [1933] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1947] NA NA NA NA 857 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1961] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1975] NA 857 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1436 NA NA NA NA
## [1989] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [2003] 200 196 NA NA NA NA NA NA 832 NA 1101 NA NA 1792match(fem10, neg) #Boolean, checks for matches between data and negative corpus. NA = no match## [1] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [15] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1066 3049 NA NA 732 NA NA
## [29] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [43] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [57] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [71] NA NA NA NA 4230 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [85] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [99] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [113] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [127] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [141] 3647 NA NA NA NA NA NA 4456 NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [155] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 705 NA NA NA
## [169] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [183] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 400 NA 4081 NA NA
## [197] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [211] 1977 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [225] NA NA NA 3016 NA 1977 NA 1977 NA 1977 NA NA NA NA
## [239] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [253] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [267] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [281] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [295] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [309] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [323] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [337] NA NA NA 2919 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [351] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [365] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [379] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1936 NA NA
## [393] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [407] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [421] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [435] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [449] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [463] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [477] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [491] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [505] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [519] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [533] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [547] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [561] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [575] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [589] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [603] NA NA NA NA NA 136 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [617] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [631] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [645] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [659] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1960 NA NA NA NA NA
## [673] NA NA NA NA 2114 NA 2524 NA 4593 NA NA NA NA NA
## [687] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 4042 NA NA NA NA NA
## [701] NA NA NA NA NA 127 NA 127 127 NA NA NA NA 2430
## [715] 127 124 NA NA NA NA NA NA 127 NA NA NA NA NA
## [729] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [743] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [757] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [771] NA 1289 NA NA 4037 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1947
## [785] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 75 1632 NA NA 75 4696
## [799] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1947 NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [813] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [827] 4023 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [841] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [855] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 4745 NA NA NA
## [869] NA 1947 NA 1742 NA 1947 NA NA NA NA 4695 NA NA NA
## [883] 1289 NA NA NA 1742 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [897] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 4245 NA NA NA NA 3362 NA
## [911] NA NA NA 1443 NA NA NA NA 4244 NA NA NA NA NA
## [925] NA NA NA 1208 NA NA NA NA 4734 NA NA 4734 NA NA
## [939] 4734 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 4079 NA NA NA NA
## [953] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [967] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [981] NA NA NA 2498 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [995] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1009] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 4225 NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1023] NA NA NA NA 1567 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1037] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1068 616 NA NA
## [1051] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1065] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1079] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1093] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1510 NA
## [1107] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1121] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1135] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1149] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1163] NA NA NA NA 1720 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1177] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1191] NA NA 2754 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3456 NA NA
## [1205] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3455
## [1219] 4770 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2058 2421 NA NA NA NA
## [1233] NA NA 1920 NA NA NA NA NA NA 3665 NA NA NA NA
## [1247] NA NA NA 3772 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1920
## [1261] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1275] NA 4745 NA NA NA NA NA 3363 NA NA NA NA 1984 NA
## [1289] NA NA 1984 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1303] NA NA NA NA 610 NA NA NA NA NA 4266 NA 3377 NA
## [1317] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1331] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1345] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1359] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1373] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1387] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1401] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1415] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1429] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1443] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1457] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1471] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1485] NA NA NA NA 4079 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1499] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1513] NA NA 4667 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 4734
## [1527] 4734 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 4734 NA NA NA
## [1541] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 4734 NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1555] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 4354 NA 3645
## [1569] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 4739 NA
## [1583] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 4739 NA NA NA NA
## [1597] NA NA NA NA 4733 4354 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1611] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1625] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3553
## [1639] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1653] NA 3377 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3377 NA NA NA
## [1667] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1681] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1695] NA NA NA NA NA 4384 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1709] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1723] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3334 NA NA 1947
## [1737] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3122 NA NA NA NA NA 3122
## [1751] NA 362 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1765] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1779] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1793] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1807] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1821] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1835] 244 NA 3814 2204 NA NA NA NA 4119 NA NA NA NA NA
## [1849] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2625 NA
## [1863] NA 2624 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1877] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1891] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1905] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1919] NA NA 732 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1933] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1947] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1961] NA NA NA NA NA 3483 3393 NA NA NA 975 NA NA NA
## [1975] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1989] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3377 NA NA NA NA NA
## [2003] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NAPosSent <- sum(!is.na(match(fem10, pos)))
print(PosSent) #Sums positive matches, excludes missing data## [1] 143NegSent <- sum(!is.na(match(fem10, neg)))
print(NegSent) #Sums negative matches, excludes missing data## [1] 110length(fem10)## [1] 2016To derive an overall sentiment score, I subtracted negative word count from positive word count.
PosSent - NegSent## [1] 33From 2,016 words, there were 143 positive matches and 110 negative matches, for a total of 253 words (12.5%) represented across the positive and negative word databases. Of this number, 56.5% were positively valenced. This text is overall neutral although with a (very) slight advantage for positively valenced words.
Wordcloud
This function plots in concentric circles by word frequency – uses the wordcloud package
set.seed(123) #Seed prevents resampling so that we have an accurate frequency based word cloud
wordcloud(fem10, min.freq = 2, max.words = 300, random.order = FALSE, rot.per = 0.25,
colors = brewer.pal(8, "Dark2"))
Type Token Ratio
fem11 <- as.data.frame(fem10) #transform to dataframe
nrow(unique(fem11))/nrow(fem11) #take total number of unique observations over total number of observations in dataframe## [1] 0.4444444
The closer to 1, the more unique words are represented (e.g., greater lexical diversity). If we multiply this result by 100 we see that 44.4% of words are unique in this character vector.
Frequency Sorting
femtx <- Corpus(VectorSource(fem10))
wtm <- TermDocumentMatrix(femtx)
m <- as.matrix(wtm) #to a regular matrix
v <- sort(rowSums(m), decreasing = TRUE)
d <- data.frame(word = names(v), freq = v)
barplot(d[1:25, ]$freq, las = 2, names.arg = d[1:25, ]$word, col = "navy", main = "Most frequent",
ylab = "Word Frequency") #most frequent
Stemming and Lemmatization
I wonder if my wordcloud, TTR, or frequency will change if I perform these calculations on lemmas rather than words.
lemma_dictionary_hs <- make_lemma_dictionary(fem10, engine = "hunspell") #Designate dictionary for stem/lemma
stem_words(fem10) #Stem words## [1] "like" "start" "tell" "on"
## [5] "greatest" "friend" "okoloma" "maduewesi"
## [9] "okoloma" "live" "street" "look"
## [13] "like" "big" "brother" "like"
## [17] "boi" "ask" "okoloma" "opinion"
## [21] "okoloma" "di" "notori" "sosoliso"
## [25] "plane" "crash" "nigeria" "decemb"
## [29] "almost" "exactli" "seven" "year"
## [33] "ago" "okoloma" "person" "argu"
## [37] "laugh" "truli" "talk" "also"
## [41] "first" "person" "call" "feminist"
## [45] "fourteen" "hous" "argu" "u"
## [49] "bristl" "half" "bit" "knowledg"
## [53] "book" "read" "rememb" "particular"
## [57] "argument" "rememb" "argu" "argu"
## [61] "okoloma" "look" "said" "know"
## [65] "feminist" "compliment" "tell" "tone"
## [69] "tone" "us" "sai" "someth"
## [73] "like" "support" "terror" "know"
## [77] "exactli" "word" "feminist" "meant"
## [81] "want" "okoloma" "know" "know"
## [85] "brush" "asid" "continu" "argu"
## [89] "first" "thing" "plan" "got"
## [93] "home" "look" "word" "feminist"
## [97] "dictionari" "now" "fast" "forward"
## [101] "year" "later" "wrote" "novel"
## [105] "man" "among" "thing" "beat"
## [109] "wife" "whose" "stori" "end"
## [113] "well" "promot" "novel" "nigeria"
## [117] "journalist" "nice" "well" "mean"
## [121] "man" "told" "want" "advis"
## [125] "nigerian" "sure" "familiar" "quick"
## [129] "peopl" "give" "unsolicit" "advic"
## [133] "told" "peopl" "sai" "novel"
## [137] "feminist" "advic" "shake" "head"
## [141] "sadli" "spoke" "never" "call"
## [145] "feminist" "feminist" "women" "unhappi"
## [149] "find" "husband" "decid" "call"
## [153] "happi" "feminist" "academ" "nigerian"
## [157] "woman" "told" "femin" "cultur"
## [161] "femin" "african" "call" "feminist"
## [165] "corrupt" "western" "book" "amus"
## [169] "lot" "earli" "read" "decidedli"
## [173] "unfeminist" "think" "must" "read"
## [177] "everi" "singl" "mill" "boon"
## [181] "romanc" "publish" "sixteen" "time"
## [185] "tri" "read" "book" "call"
## [189] "feminist" "classic" "get" "bore"
## [193] "realli" "struggl" "finish" "anywai"
## [197] "sinc" "femin" "un" "african"
## [201] "decid" "now" "call" "happi"
## [205] "african" "feminist" "point" "happi"
## [209] "african" "feminist" "hate" "men"
## [213] "like" "lip" "gloss" "wear"
## [217] "high" "heel" "men" "cours"
## [221] "lot" "tongu" "cheek" "word"
## [225] "feminist" "heavi" "baggag" "neg"
## [229] "baggag" "hate" "men" "hate"
## [233] "bra" "hate" "african" "cultur"
## [237] "sort" "thing" "now" "stori"
## [241] "childhood" "primari" "school" "teacher"
## [245] "said" "begin" "term" "give"
## [249] "class" "test" "whoever" "got"
## [253] "highest" "score" "class" "monitor"
## [257] "now" "class" "monitor" "big"
## [261] "deal" "class" "monitor" "got"
## [265] "write" "name" "noisemak" "enough"
## [269] "power" "teacher" "also" "give"
## [273] "cane" "hold" "hand" "walk"
## [277] "around" "patrol" "class" "noisemak"
## [281] "now" "cours" "actual" "allow"
## [285] "us" "cane" "excit" "prospect"
## [289] "nine" "year" "old" "much"
## [293] "want" "class" "monitor" "got"
## [297] "highest" "score" "test" "surpris"
## [301] "teacher" "said" "monitor" "boi"
## [305] "forgotten" "make" "clear" "earlier"
## [309] "assum" "obviou" "boi" "second"
## [313] "highest" "score" "test" "monitor"
## [317] "now" "even" "interest" "boi"
## [321] "sweet" "gentl" "soul" "interest"
## [325] "patrol" "class" "cane" "full"
## [329] "ambit" "femal" "male" "becam"
## [333] "class" "monitor" "never" "forgotten"
## [337] "incid" "often" "make" "mistak"
## [341] "think" "someth" "obviou" "just"
## [345] "obviou" "everyon" "els" "now"
## [349] "take" "dear" "friend" "loui"
## [353] "exampl" "loui" "brilliant" "progress"
## [357] "man" "convers" "tell" "know"
## [361] "mean" "thing" "differ" "harder"
## [365] "women" "mayb" "past" "now"
## [369] "understand" "loui" "see" "seem"
## [373] "self" "evid" "on" "even"
## [377] "lago" "loui" "went" "friend"
## [381] "peopl" "familiar" "lago" "wonder"
## [385] "lago" "fixtur" "sprinkl" "energet"
## [389] "men" "hang" "around" "outsid"
## [393] "establish" "dramat" "help" "park"
## [397] "car" "impress" "particular" "theatric"
## [401] "man" "found" "u" "park"
## [405] "spot" "even" "leav" "decid"
## [409] "leav" "tip" "open" "bag"
## [413] "put" "hand" "insid" "bag"
## [417] "brought" "monei" "earn" "work"
## [421] "gave" "man" "man" "grate"
## [425] "happi" "took" "monei" "look"
## [429] "across" "loui" "said" "thank"
## [433] "sir" "loui" "look" "surpris"
## [437] "ask" "thank" "give" "monei"
## [441] "saw" "realiz" "dawn" "loui"
## [445] "face" "man" "believ" "whatev"
## [449] "monei" "ultim" "come" "loui"
## [453] "loui" "man" "men" "women"
## [457] "differ" "differ" "hormon" "differ"
## [461] "sexual" "organ" "differ" "biolog"
## [465] "abil" "women" "can" "babi"
## [469] "men" "can" "least" "yet"
## [473] "men" "testosteron" "gener" "physic"
## [477] "stronger" "women" "slightli" "women"
## [481] "men" "world" "percent" "world"
## [485] "popul" "femal" "posit" "power"
## [489] "prestig" "occupi" "men" "late"
## [493] "kenyan" "nobel" "peac" "laureat"
## [497] "wangari" "maathai" "put" "simpli"
## [501] "well" "said" "higher" "go"
## [505] "fewer" "women" "recent" "u"
## [509] "elect" "kept" "hear" "lilli"
## [513] "ledbett" "law" "go" "beyond"
## [517] "nice" "allit" "name" "law"
## [521] "realli" "man" "woman" "job"
## [525] "equal" "qualifi" "man" "paid"
## [529] "man" "liter" "wai" "men"
## [533] "rule" "world" "made" "sens"
## [537] "thousand" "year" "ago" "human"
## [541] "be" "live" "world" "physic"
## [545] "strength" "import" "attribut" "surviv"
## [549] "physic" "stronger" "person" "like"
## [553] "lead" "men" "gener" "physic"
## [557] "stronger" "cours" "mani" "except"
## [561] "todai" "live" "vastli" "differ"
## [565] "world" "person" "like" "lead"
## [569] "physic" "stronger" "person" "creativ"
## [573] "person" "intellig" "person" "innov"
## [577] "person" "hormon" "attribut" "man"
## [581] "like" "woman" "intellig" "creativ"
## [585] "innov" "evolv" "seem" "idea"
## [589] "gender" "evolv" "week" "ago"
## [593] "walk" "lobbi" "on" "best"
## [597] "nigerian" "hotel" "thought" "name"
## [601] "hotel" "thought" "probabl" "guard"
## [605] "entranc" "stop" "ask" "annoi"
## [609] "question" "automat" "assumpt" "nigerian"
## [613] "femal" "walk" "hotel" "alon"
## [617] "sex" "worker" "wai" "hotel"
## [621] "focu" "ostens" "suppli" "rather"
## [625] "demand" "sex" "worker" "lago"
## [629] "go" "alon" "mani" "reput"
## [633] "bar" "club" "just" "let"
## [637] "woman" "alon" "accompani" "man"
## [641] "time" "walk" "nigerian" "restaur"
## [645] "man" "waiter" "greet" "man"
## [649] "ignor" "waiter" "product" "women"
## [653] "felt" "like" "ye" "thought"
## [657] "waiter" "product" "societi" "taught"
## [661] "men" "import" "women" "know"
## [665] "waiter" "intend" "harm" "on"
## [669] "thing" "know" "intellectu" "quit"
## [673] "anoth" "feel" "emotion" "time"
## [677] "ignor" "feel" "invis" "feel"
## [681] "upset" "want" "tell" "just"
## [685] "human" "man" "just" "worthi"
## [689] "acknowledg" "littl" "thing" "sometim"
## [693] "littl" "thing" "sting" "long"
## [697] "ago" "wrote" "articl" "mean"
## [701] "young" "femal" "lago" "printer"
## [705] "told" "angri" "cours" "angri"
## [709] "angri" "gender" "function" "todai"
## [713] "grave" "injustic" "angri" "anger"
## [717] "long" "histori" "bring" "posit"
## [721] "chang" "addit" "angri" "also"
## [725] "hope" "believ" "deepli" "abil"
## [729] "human" "be" "make" "remak"
## [733] "better" "gender" "matter" "everywher"
## [737] "world" "want" "focu" "nigeria"
## [741] "africa" "gener" "know" "heart"
## [745] "like" "todai" "ask" "begin"
## [749] "dream" "plan" "differ" "world"
## [753] "fairer" "world" "world" "happier"
## [757] "men" "happier" "women" "truer"
## [761] "start" "must" "rais" "daughter"
## [765] "differ" "must" "also" "rais"
## [769] "son" "differ" "great" "disservic"
## [773] "boi" "rais" "stifl" "human"
## [777] "boi" "defin" "masculin" "narrow"
## [781] "wai" "masculin" "becom" "hard"
## [785] "small" "cage" "put" "boi"
## [789] "insid" "cage" "teach" "boi"
## [793] "afraid" "fear" "teach" "boi"
## [797] "afraid" "weak" "vulner" "teach"
## [801] "mask" "true" "selv" "nigerian"
## [805] "speak" "hard" "man" "secondari"
## [809] "school" "boi" "girl" "teenag"
## [813] "amount" "pocket" "monei" "go"
## [817] "boi" "expect" "alwai" "pai"
## [821] "prove" "masculin" "yet" "wonder"
## [825] "boi" "like" "steal" "monei"
## [829] "parent" "boi" "girl" "rais"
## [833] "link" "masculin" "monei" "attitud"
## [837] "boi" "pai" "rather" "whoever"
## [841] "pai" "now" "cours" "histor"
## [845] "advantag" "mostli" "men" "will"
## [849] "todai" "start" "rais" "children"
## [853] "differ" "fifti" "year" "hundr"
## [857] "year" "boi" "will" "longer"
## [861] "pressur" "prove" "masculin" "far"
## [865] "worst" "thing" "male" "make"
## [869] "feel" "hard" "leav" "fragil"
## [873] "ego" "hard" "man" "man"
## [877] "feel" "compel" "weaker" "ego"
## [881] "much" "greater" "disservic" "girl"
## [885] "rais" "cater" "fragil" "ego"
## [889] "men" "teach" "girl" "shrink"
## [893] "make" "smaller" "sai" "girl"
## [897] "can" "ambit" "much" "aim"
## [901] "success" "success" "otherwis" "threaten"
## [905] "man" "breadwinn" "relationship" "man"
## [909] "pretend" "especi" "public" "otherwis"
## [913] "will" "emascul" "question" "premis"
## [917] "woman" "success" "threat" "man"
## [921] "decid" "simpli" "dispos" "word"
## [925] "think" "english" "word" "dislik"
## [929] "emascul" "nigerian" "acquaint" "ask"
## [933] "worri" "men" "intimid" "worri"
## [937] "fact" "occur" "worri" "man"
## [941] "intimid" "exactli" "kind" "man"
## [945] "interest" "still" "realli" "struck"
## [949] "femal" "expect" "aspir" "marriag"
## [953] "expect" "make" "life" "choic"
## [957] "alwai" "keep" "mind" "marriag"
## [961] "import" "marriag" "can" "good"
## [965] "thing" "can" "sourc" "joi"
## [969] "love" "mutual" "support" "teach"
## [973] "girl" "aspir" "marriag" "teach"
## [977] "boi" "know" "woman" "decid"
## [981] "sell" "hous" "want" "intimid"
## [985] "man" "might" "marri" "know"
## [989] "unmarri" "woman" "nigeria" "goe"
## [993] "confer" "wear" "wed" "ring"
## [997] "accord" "want" "particip" "confer"
## [1001] "give" "respect" "know" "young"
## [1005] "women" "much" "pressur" "famili"
## [1009] "friend" "even" "work" "get"
## [1013] "marri" "push" "make" "terribl"
## [1017] "choic" "woman" "certain" "ag"
## [1021] "unmarri" "societi" "teach" "see"
## [1025] "deep" "person" "failur" "man"
## [1029] "certain" "ag" "unmarri" "just"
## [1033] "think" "come" "around" "make"
## [1037] "pick" "easi" "u" "sai"
## [1041] "oh" "women" "can" "just"
## [1045] "sai" "realiti" "difficult" "complex"
## [1049] "social" "be" "intern" "idea"
## [1053] "social" "even" "languag" "us"
## [1057] "talk" "marriag" "relationship" "illustr"
## [1061] "languag" "marriag" "often" "languag"
## [1065] "ownership" "rather" "languag" "partnership"
## [1069] "us" "word" "respect" "mean"
## [1073] "someth" "woman" "show" "man"
## [1077] "often" "someth" "man" "show"
## [1081] "woman" "men" "women" "nigeria"
## [1085] "will" "sai" "express" "amus"
## [1089] "peac" "marriag" "now" "men"
## [1093] "sai" "usual" "someth" "anywai"
## [1097] "sometim" "sai" "friend" "someth"
## [1101] "sai" "friend" "kind" "fondli"
## [1105] "exasper" "wai" "know" "someth"
## [1109] "ultim" "prove" "masculin" "need"
## [1113] "love" "oh" "wife" "said"
## [1117] "can" "go" "club" "everi"
## [1121] "night" "peac" "marriag" "weekend"
## [1125] "now" "woman" "sai" "peac"
## [1129] "marriag" "usual" "talk" "give"
## [1133] "job" "dream" "career" "teach"
## [1137] "femal" "relationship" "compromis" "women"
## [1141] "rais" "girl" "see" "competitor"
## [1145] "job" "accomplish" "think" "can"
## [1149] "good" "thing" "attent" "men"
## [1153] "teach" "girl" "sexual" "be"
## [1157] "wai" "boi" "son" "mind"
## [1161] "know" "son" "girlfriend" "daughter"
## [1165] "boyfriend" "god" "forbid" "cours"
## [1169] "time" "right" "expect" "girl"
## [1173] "bring" "back" "perfect" "man"
## [1177] "husband" "polic" "girl" "prais"
## [1181] "girl" "virgin" "prais" "boi"
## [1185] "virgin" "alwai" "made" "wonder"
## [1189] "exactli" "suppos" "work" "mean"
## [1193] "loss" "virgin" "usual" "process"
## [1197] "involv" "recent" "young" "woman"
## [1201] "gang" "rape" "univers" "nigeria"
## [1205] "think" "u" "know" "respons"
## [1209] "mani" "young" "nigerian" "male"
## [1213] "femal" "someth" "along" "line"
## [1217] "ye" "rape" "wrong" "girl"
## [1221] "room" "four" "boi" "now"
## [1225] "can" "forget" "horribl" "inhuman"
## [1229] "respons" "nigerian" "rais" "think"
## [1233] "women" "inher" "guilti" "rais"
## [1237] "expect" "littl" "men" "idea"
## [1241] "men" "savag" "be" "without"
## [1245] "control" "somehow" "accept" "teach"
## [1249] "girl" "shame" "close" "leg"
## [1253] "cover" "make" "feel" "though"
## [1257] "born" "femal" "alreadi" "guilti"
## [1261] "someth" "girl" "grow" "women"
## [1265] "see" "desir" "grow" "women"
## [1269] "silenc" "grow" "women" "sai"
## [1273] "truli" "think" "grow" "worst"
## [1277] "thing" "girl" "grow" "women"
## [1281] "turn" "pretens" "art" "form"
## [1285] "know" "woman" "hate" "domest"
## [1289] "work" "just" "hate" "pretend"
## [1293] "like" "taught" "good" "wife"
## [1297] "materi" "us" "nigerian" "word"
## [1301] "home" "got" "marri" "husband"
## [1305] "famili" "began" "complain" "chang"
## [1309] "actual" "chang" "just" "got"
## [1313] "tire" "pretend" "problem" "gender"
## [1317] "prescrib" "rather" "recogn" "now"
## [1321] "imagin" "much" "happier" "much"
## [1325] "freer" "true" "individu" "selv"
## [1329] "weight" "gender" "expect" "boi"
## [1333] "girl" "undeni" "differ" "biolog"
## [1337] "social" "exagger" "differ" "becom"
## [1341] "self" "fulfil" "process" "now"
## [1345] "take" "cook" "exampl" "todai"
## [1349] "women" "gener" "like" "housework"
## [1353] "men" "cook" "clean" "women"
## [1357] "born" "cook" "gene" "year"
## [1361] "social" "see" "cook" "role"
## [1365] "actual" "go" "sai" "mayb"
## [1369] "women" "born" "cook" "gene"
## [1373] "rememb" "major" "famou" "cook"
## [1377] "world" "give" "fanci" "titl"
## [1381] "chef" "men" "us" "look"
## [1385] "grandmoth" "brilliant" "brilliant" "woman"
## [1389] "wonder" "opportun" "men" "grow"
## [1393] "now" "todai" "mani" "opportun"
## [1397] "women" "grandmoth" "time" "chang"
## [1401] "polici" "chang" "law" "import"
## [1405] "matter" "even" "attitud" "mindset"
## [1409] "believ" "valu" "gender" "rais"
## [1413] "children" "focu" "abil" "instead"
## [1417] "gender" "rais" "children" "focu"
## [1421] "interest" "instead" "gender" "know"
## [1425] "famili" "son" "daughter" "brilliant"
## [1429] "school" "wonder" "love" "children"
## [1433] "boi" "hungri" "parent" "sai"
## [1437] "girl" "go" "cook" "indomi"
## [1441] "noodl" "brother" "now" "daughter"
## [1445] "particularli" "like" "cook" "indomi"
## [1449] "noodl" "girl" "now" "parent"
## [1453] "begin" "taught" "boi" "girl"
## [1457] "cook" "indomi" "cook" "wai"
## [1461] "us" "skill" "boi" "never"
## [1465] "thought" "made" "sens" "leav"
## [1469] "crucial" "thing" "abil" "nourish"
## [1473] "oneself" "hand" "other" "know"
## [1477] "woman" "degre" "job" "husband"
## [1481] "get" "back" "work" "housework"
## [1485] "think" "true" "mani" "marriag"
## [1489] "struck" "whenev" "husband" "chang"
## [1493] "babi" "diaper" "said" "thank"
## [1497] "now" "saw" "perfectli" "normal"
## [1501] "natur" "fact" "care" "child"
## [1505] "try" "unlearn" "mani" "lesson"
## [1509] "gender" "intern" "grow" "sometim"
## [1513] "still" "feel" "vulner" "face"
## [1517] "gender" "expect" "first" "time"
## [1521] "taught" "write" "class" "graduat"
## [1525] "school" "worri" "worri" "materi"
## [1529] "teach" "well" "prepar" "go"
## [1533] "teach" "enjoi" "teach" "instead"
## [1537] "worri" "wear" "want" "taken"
## [1541] "serious" "knew" "femal" "will"
## [1545] "automat" "prove" "worth" "worri"
## [1549] "look" "feminin" "taken" "serious"
## [1553] "realli" "want" "wear" "shini"
## [1557] "lip" "gloss" "girli" "skirt"
## [1561] "decid" "instead" "wore" "seriou"
## [1565] "manli" "ugli" "suit" "sad"
## [1569] "truth" "come" "appear" "start"
## [1573] "men" "standard" "norm" "man"
## [1577] "get" "readi" "busi" "meet"
## [1581] "worri" "look" "masculin" "therefor"
## [1585] "taken" "grant" "woman" "get"
## [1589] "readi" "busi" "meet" "worri"
## [1593] "look" "feminin" "sai" "whether"
## [1597] "will" "taken" "serious" "wish"
## [1601] "worn" "ugli" "suit" "dai"
## [1605] "actual" "banish" "closet" "wai"
## [1609] "confid" "now" "student" "benefit"
## [1613] "even" "teach" "comfort" "fulli"
## [1617] "truli" "chosen" "longer" "apologet"
## [1621] "femal" "feminin" "want" "respect"
## [1625] "femal" "deserv" "gender" "easi"
## [1629] "convers" "men" "women" "bring"
## [1633] "gender" "sometim" "encount" "almost"
## [1637] "immedi" "resist" "can" "imagin"
## [1641] "peopl" "actual" "think" "women"
## [1645] "sef" "men" "might" "think"
## [1649] "ok" "interest" "think" "like"
## [1653] "part" "problem" "mani" "men"
## [1657] "activ" "think" "gender" "notic"
## [1661] "gender" "part" "problem" "gender"
## [1665] "mani" "men" "sai" "like"
## [1669] "friend" "loui" "everyth" "fine"
## [1673] "now" "mani" "men" "noth"
## [1677] "chang" "man" "walk" "restaur"
## [1681] "woman" "waiter" "greet" "occur"
## [1685] "ask" "waiter" "haven" "greet"
## [1689] "gender" "can" "actual" "mai"
## [1693] "repos" "part" "longer" "version"
## [1697] "talk" "gender" "can" "uncomfort"
## [1701] "convers" "easi" "wai" "close"
## [1705] "close" "convers" "peopl" "will"
## [1709] "bring" "evolutionari" "biologi" "ap"
## [1713] "know" "femal" "ap" "bow"
## [1717] "male" "ap" "sort" "thing"
## [1721] "point" "ap" "ap" "also"
## [1725] "live" "tree" "earthworm" "breakfast"
## [1729] "peopl" "will" "sai" "well"
## [1733] "poor" "men" "also" "hard"
## [1737] "time" "true" "convers" "gender"
## [1741] "class" "differ" "form" "oppress"
## [1745] "actual" "learn" "quit" "bit"
## [1749] "system" "oppress" "can" "blind"
## [1753] "on" "anoth" "talk" "black"
## [1757] "men" "talk" "black" "man"
## [1761] "gender" "said" "sai" "experi"
## [1765] "woman" "can" "experi" "human"
## [1769] "now" "man" "often" "talk"
## [1773] "experi" "black" "man" "gender"
## [1777] "matter" "men" "women" "experi"
## [1781] "world" "differ" "gender" "color"
## [1785] "wai" "experi" "world" "can"
## [1789] "chang" "peopl" "will" "sai"
## [1793] "oh" "women" "real" "power"
## [1797] "bottom" "power" "non" "nigerian"
## [1801] "bottom" "power" "express" "suppos"
## [1805] "mean" "someth" "like" "woman"
## [1809] "us" "sexual" "get" "favor"
## [1813] "men" "bottom" "power" "power"
## [1817] "bottom" "power" "mean" "woman"
## [1821] "simpli" "good" "root" "tap"
## [1825] "time" "time" "somebodi" "els"
## [1829] "power" "cours" "wonder" "happen"
## [1833] "somebodi" "els" "bad" "mood"
## [1837] "sick" "impot" "peopl" "will"
## [1841] "sai" "woman" "subordin" "man"
## [1845] "cultur" "cultur" "constantli" "chang"
## [1849] "beauti" "twin" "niec" "fifteen"
## [1853] "live" "lago" "born" "hundr"
## [1857] "year" "ago" "taken" "awai"
## [1861] "kill" "cultur" "cultur" "kill"
## [1865] "twin" "point" "cultur" "mean"
## [1869] "decor" "danc" "also" "cultur"
## [1873] "realli" "preserv" "continu" "peopl"
## [1877] "famili" "child" "interest" "stori"
## [1881] "tradit" "knowledg" "ancestr" "land"
## [1885] "brother" "interest" "particip" "go"
## [1889] "umunna" "meet" "sai" "femal"
## [1893] "cultur" "make" "peopl" "peopl"
## [1897] "make" "cultur" "fact" "true"
## [1901] "fact" "true" "full" "human"
## [1905] "women" "cultur" "must" "make"
## [1909] "cultur" "think" "often" "dear"
## [1913] "friend" "okoloma" "maduewesi" "mai"
## [1917] "other" "pass" "awai" "sosoliso"
## [1921] "crash" "continu" "rest" "peac"
## [1925] "will" "alwai" "rememb" "u"
## [1929] "love" "right" "dai" "mani"
## [1933] "year" "ago" "call" "feminist"
## [1937] "feminist" "look" "word" "dictionari"
## [1941] "dai" "said" "feminist" "person"
## [1945] "believ" "social" "polit" "econom"
## [1949] "equal" "sex" "great" "grandmoth"
## [1953] "stori" "heard" "feminist" "ran"
## [1957] "awai" "hous" "man" "want"
## [1961] "marri" "end" "marri" "man"
## [1965] "choic" "refus" "protest" "spoke"
## [1969] "whenev" "felt" "depriv" "access"
## [1973] "land" "sort" "thing" "great"
## [1977] "grandmoth" "know" "word" "feminist"
## [1981] "mean" "on" "u" "reclaim"
## [1985] "word" "definit" "feminist" "feminist"
## [1989] "man" "woman" "sai" "feminist"
## [1993] "man" "woman" "sai" "ye"
## [1997] "problem" "gender" "todai" "must"
## [2001] "fix" "must" "better" "best"
## [2005] "feminist" "know" "brother" "kene"
## [2009] "also" "kind" "good" "look"
## [2013] "love" "man" "masculin" "thank"femlem <- lemmatize_words(fem10, dictionary = lemma_dictionary_hs)
femlem #Lemmatize. This is not perfect but it's a start.## [1] "like" "start" "tell" "one"
## [5] "great" "friend" "okoloma" "maduewesi"
## [9] "okoloma" "live" "street" "look"
## [13] "like" "big" "broth" "like"
## [17] "boy" "ask" "okoloma" "opine"
## [21] "okoloma" "die" "notorious" "sosoliso"
## [25] "plane" "crash" "nigeria" "december"
## [29] "almost" "exact" "seven" "year"
## [33] "ago" "okoloma" "person" "argue"
## [37] "laugh" "truly" "talk" "also"
## [41] "first" "person" "call" "feminist"
## [45] "fourteen" "house" "argue" "u"
## [49] "bristle" "half" "bit" "knowledge"
## [53] "book" "read" "member" "particular"
## [57] "argument" "member" "argue" "argue"
## [61] "okoloma" "look" "said" "know"
## [65] "feminist" "compliment" "tell" "tone"
## [69] "tone" "use" "say" "something"
## [73] "like" "support" "terrorism" "know"
## [77] "exact" "word" "feminist" "meant"
## [81] "want" "okoloma" "know" "know"
## [85] "brush" "aside" "continue" "argue"
## [89] "first" "the" "planned" "got"
## [93] "home" "look" "word" "feminist"
## [97] "dictionary" "now" "fast" "forward"
## [101] "year" "late" "wrote" "novel"
## [105] "man" "among" "the" "beat"
## [109] "wife" "whose" "story" "end"
## [113] "well" "promote" "novel" "nigeria"
## [117] "journalist" "nice" "well" "mean"
## [121] "man" "told" "want" "advise"
## [125] "nigerians" "sure" "familiar" "quick"
## [129] "people" "g" "solicited" "advice"
## [133] "told" "people" "say" "novel"
## [137] "feminist" "advice" "shake" "head"
## [141] "sad" "spoke" "never" "call"
## [145] "feminist" "feminist" "women" "happy"
## [149] "find" "husband" "decide" "call"
## [153] "happy" "feminist" "academic" "nigerian"
## [157] "woman" "told" "feminism" "culture"
## [161] "feminism" "african" "call" "feminist"
## [165] "corrupt" "western" "book" "amuse"
## [169] "lot" "ear" "read" "decided"
## [173] "unfeminist" "think" "must" "read"
## [177] "every" "single" "mill" "boon"
## [181] "romance" "publish" "sixteen" "time"
## [185] "try" "read" "book" "call"
## [189] "feminist" "classic" "get" "bore"
## [193] "real" "struggle" "finish" "anyway"
## [197] "since" "feminism" "un" "african"
## [201] "decide" "now" "call" "happy"
## [205] "african" "feminist" "point" "happy"
## [209] "african" "feminist" "hate" "men"
## [213] "like" "lip" "gloss" "wear"
## [217] "high" "heel" "men" "course"
## [221] "lot" "tongue" "cheek" "word"
## [225] "feminist" "heavy" "baggage" "negate"
## [229] "baggage" "hate" "men" "hate"
## [233] "bra" "hate" "african" "culture"
## [237] "sort" "the" "now" "story"
## [241] "childhood" "primary" "school" "teach"
## [245] "said" "beginning" "term" "g"
## [249] "class" "test" "whoever" "got"
## [253] "high" "score" "class" "monitor"
## [257] "now" "class" "monitor" "big"
## [261] "deal" "class" "monitor" "got"
## [265] "write" "name" "noisemaker" "enough"
## [269] "power" "teach" "also" "g"
## [273] "cane" "hold" "hand" "walk"
## [277] "around" "patrol" "class" "noisemaker"
## [281] "now" "course" "actual" "allow"
## [285] "use" "cane" "excite" "prospect"
## [289] "nine" "year" "old" "much"
## [293] "want" "class" "monitor" "got"
## [297] "high" "score" "test" "surprise"
## [301] "teach" "said" "monitor" "boy"
## [305] "forgotten" "make" "clear" "early"
## [309] "assume" "obvious" "boy" "second"
## [313] "high" "score" "test" "monitor"
## [317] "now" "even" "interesting" "boy"
## [321] "sweet" "gentle" "soul" "interest"
## [325] "patrolling" "class" "cane" "full"
## [329] "ambition" "female" "male" "became"
## [333] "class" "monitor" "never" "forgotten"
## [337] "incident" "often" "make" "mistake"
## [341] "think" "something" "obvious" "just"
## [345] "obvious" "everyone" "else" "now"
## [349] "take" "dear" "friend" "louis"
## [353] "example" "louis" "brilliant" "progress"
## [357] "man" "conversation" "tell" "know"
## [361] "mean" "the" "different" "hard"
## [365] "women" "maybe" "past" "now"
## [369] "understand" "louis" "see" "seem"
## [373] "self" "evident" "one" "even"
## [377] "lagos" "louis" "went" "friend"
## [381] "people" "familiar" "lagos" "wonderful"
## [385] "lagos" "fixture" "sprinkle" "energetic"
## [389] "men" "hang" "around" "outside"
## [393] "establishments" "dramatically" "help" "park"
## [397] "car" "impress" "particular" "theatrics"
## [401] "man" "found" "u" "park"
## [405] "spot" "even" "leave" "decide"
## [409] "leave" "tip" "open" "bag"
## [413] "put" "hand" "inside" "bag"
## [417] "brought" "money" "earn" "work"
## [421] "gave" "man" "man" "grateful"
## [425] "happy" "took" "money" "look"
## [429] "across" "louis" "said" "thank"
## [433] "sir" "louis" "look" "surprise"
## [437] "ask" "thank" "g" "money"
## [441] "saw" "realization" "dawn" "louis"
## [445] "face" "man" "believe" "whatever"
## [449] "money" "ultimate" "come" "louis"
## [453] "louis" "man" "men" "women"
## [457] "different" "different" "hormone" "different"
## [461] "sexual" "organ" "different" "biological"
## [465] "ability" "women" "can" "baby"
## [469] "men" "can" "least" "yet"
## [473] "men" "testosterone" "general" "physical"
## [477] "strong" "women" "slight" "women"
## [481] "men" "world" "percent" "world"
## [485] "population" "female" "position" "power"
## [489] "prestige" "occupy" "men" "late"
## [493] "kenyan" "nobel" "peace" "laureate"
## [497] "wangari" "maathai" "put" "simply"
## [501] "well" "said" "high" "go"
## [505] "few" "women" "recent" "u"
## [509] "election" "kept" "hear" "lilly"
## [513] "ledbetter" "law" "go" "beyond"
## [517] "nice" "alliterate" "name" "law"
## [521] "real" "man" "woman" "job"
## [525] "equal" "qualify" "man" "paid"
## [529] "man" "literal" "way" "men"
## [533] "rule" "world" "made" "sense"
## [537] "thousand" "year" "ago" "human"
## [541] "bee" "live" "world" "physical"
## [545] "strength" "important" "attribute" "survival"
## [549] "physical" "strong" "person" "likely"
## [553] "lead" "men" "general" "physical"
## [557] "strong" "course" "many" "exception"
## [561] "today" "live" "vast" "different"
## [565] "world" "person" "likely" "lead"
## [569] "physical" "strong" "person" "create"
## [573] "person" "intelligent" "person" "innovate"
## [577] "person" "hormone" "attribute" "man"
## [581] "likely" "woman" "intelligent" "create"
## [585] "innovate" "evolve" "seem" "idea"
## [589] "gender" "evolve" "week" "ago"
## [593] "walk" "lobby" "one" "b"
## [597] "nigerian" "hotel" "thought" "name"
## [601] "hotel" "thought" "probably" "guard"
## [605] "entrance" "stopped" "ask" "annoy"
## [609] "question" "automatic" "assumption" "nigerian"
## [613] "female" "walk" "hotel" "alone"
## [617] "sex" "worker" "way" "hotel"
## [621] "focus" "ostensible" "supply" "rather"
## [625] "demand" "sex" "worker" "lagos"
## [629] "go" "alone" "many" "repute"
## [633] "bar" "club" "just" "let"
## [637] "woman" "alone" "accompany" "man"
## [641] "time" "walk" "nigerian" "restaurant"
## [645] "man" "wait" "greet" "man"
## [649] "ignore" "wait" "duct" "women"
## [653] "felt" "like" "ye" "thought"
## [657] "wait" "duct" "society" "taught"
## [661] "men" "important" "women" "know"
## [665] "wait" "tend" "harm" "one"
## [669] "the" "know" "intellectual" "quite"
## [673] "another" "feel" "emotional" "time"
## [677] "ignore" "feel" "visible" "feel"
## [681] "upset" "want" "tell" "just"
## [685] "human" "man" "just" "worthy"
## [689] "acknowledgment" "little" "the" "sometime"
## [693] "little" "the" "sting" "long"
## [697] "ago" "wrote" "article" "mean"
## [701] "young" "female" "lagos" "printer"
## [705] "told" "angry" "course" "angry"
## [709] "angry" "gender" "function" "today"
## [713] "grave" "justice" "angry" "anger"
## [717] "long" "history" "bring" "posit"
## [721] "change" "addition" "angry" "also"
## [725] "hopeful" "believe" "deep" "ability"
## [729] "human" "bee" "make" "make"
## [733] "better" "gender" "matte" "everywhere"
## [737] "world" "want" "focus" "nigeria"
## [741] "africa" "general" "know" "heart"
## [745] "like" "today" "ask" "begin"
## [749] "dream" "plan" "different" "world"
## [753] "fair" "world" "world" "happy"
## [757] "men" "happy" "women" "true"
## [761] "start" "must" "raise" "daughter"
## [765] "different" "must" "also" "raise"
## [769] "son" "different" "great" "service"
## [773] "boy" "raise" "stifle" "humanity"
## [777] "boy" "fine" "masculinity" "narrow"
## [781] "way" "masculinity" "become" "hard"
## [785] "small" "cage" "put" "boy"
## [789] "inside" "cage" "teach" "boy"
## [793] "afraid" "fear" "teach" "boy"
## [797] "afraid" "weak" "vulnerability" "teach"
## [801] "mask" "true" "selves" "nigerian"
## [805] "speak" "hard" "man" "secondary"
## [809] "school" "boy" "girl" "teenage"
## [813] "amount" "pocket" "money" "go"
## [817] "boy" "expect" "always" "pay"
## [821] "prove" "masculinity" "yet" "wonder"
## [825] "boy" "likely" "steal" "money"
## [829] "parent" "boy" "girl" "raise"
## [833] "link" "masculinity" "money" "attitude"
## [837] "boy" "pay" "rather" "whoever"
## [841] "pay" "now" "course" "historical"
## [845] "advantage" "most" "men" "will"
## [849] "today" "start" "raise" "children"
## [853] "different" "fifty" "year" "hundred"
## [857] "year" "boy" "will" "longer"
## [861] "pressure" "prove" "masculinity" "far"
## [865] "worst" "the" "male" "make"
## [869] "feel" "hard" "leave" "fragile"
## [873] "ego" "hard" "man" "man"
## [877] "feel" "compelled" "weak" "ego"
## [881] "much" "great" "service" "girl"
## [885] "raise" "cater" "fragile" "ego"
## [889] "men" "teach" "girl" "shrink"
## [893] "make" "small" "say" "girl"
## [897] "can" "ambition" "much" "aim"
## [901] "successful" "successful" "otherwise" "threat"
## [905] "man" "breadwinner" "relationship" "man"
## [909] "pretend" "especial" "public" "otherwise"
## [913] "will" "emasculate" "question" "premise"
## [917] "woman" "success" "threat" "man"
## [921] "decide" "simply" "pose" "word"
## [925] "think" "english" "word" "like"
## [929] "emasculate" "nigerian" "acquaintance" "ask"
## [933] "worry" "men" "intimidate" "worry"
## [937] "fact" "occurred" "worry" "man"
## [941] "intimidate" "exact" "kind" "man"
## [945] "interest" "still" "real" "struck"
## [949] "female" "expect" "aspire" "marriage"
## [953] "expect" "make" "life" "choice"
## [957] "always" "keep" "mind" "marriage"
## [961] "important" "marriage" "can" "good"
## [965] "the" "can" "source" "joy"
## [969] "love" "mutual" "support" "teach"
## [973] "girl" "aspire" "marriage" "teach"
## [977] "boy" "know" "woman" "decide"
## [981] "sell" "house" "want" "intimidate"
## [985] "man" "might" "marry" "know"
## [989] "unmarried" "woman" "nigeria" "goes"
## [993] "conference" "wear" "wedding" "re"
## [997] "accord" "want" "participant" "conference"
## [1001] "g" "respect" "know" "young"
## [1005] "women" "much" "pressure" "family"
## [1009] "friend" "even" "work" "get"
## [1013] "marry" "push" "make" "terrible"
## [1017] "choice" "woman" "certain" "age"
## [1021] "unmarried" "society" "teach" "see"
## [1025] "deep" "personal" "failure" "man"
## [1029] "certain" "age" "unmarried" "just"
## [1033] "think" "come" "around" "make"
## [1037] "pick" "easy" "u" "say"
## [1041] "oh" "women" "can" "just"
## [1045] "say" "reality" "difficult" "complex"
## [1049] "social" "bee" "internalize" "idea"
## [1053] "socialization" "even" "language" "use"
## [1057] "talk" "marriage" "relationship" "illustrate"
## [1061] "language" "marriage" "often" "language"
## [1065] "ownership" "rather" "language" "partnership"
## [1069] "use" "word" "respect" "mean"
## [1073] "something" "woman" "show" "man"
## [1077] "often" "something" "man" "show"
## [1081] "woman" "men" "women" "nigeria"
## [1085] "will" "say" "expression" "amuse"
## [1089] "peace" "marriage" "now" "men"
## [1093] "say" "usual" "something" "anyway"
## [1097] "sometime" "say" "friend" "something"
## [1101] "say" "friend" "kind" "fond"
## [1105] "exasperate" "way" "know" "something"
## [1109] "ultimate" "prove" "masculine" "need"
## [1113] "love" "oh" "wife" "said"
## [1117] "can" "go" "club" "every"
## [1121] "night" "peace" "marriage" "weekend"
## [1125] "now" "woman" "say" "peace"
## [1129] "marriage" "usual" "talk" "give"
## [1133] "job" "dream" "career" "teach"
## [1137] "female" "relationship" "compromise" "women"
## [1141] "raise" "girl" "see" "competitor"
## [1145] "job" "accomplishment" "think" "can"
## [1149] "good" "the" "attention" "men"
## [1153] "teach" "girl" "sexual" "bee"
## [1157] "way" "boy" "son" "mind"
## [1161] "knowing" "son" "girlfriend" "daughter"
## [1165] "boyfriend" "god" "forbid" "course"
## [1169] "time" "right" "expect" "girl"
## [1173] "bring" "back" "perfect" "man"
## [1177] "husband" "police" "girl" "praise"
## [1181] "girl" "virginity" "praise" "boy"
## [1185] "virginity" "always" "made" "wonder"
## [1189] "exact" "suppose" "work" "mean"
## [1193] "loss" "virginity" "usual" "process"
## [1197] "involve" "recent" "young" "woman"
## [1201] "gang" "rap" "university" "nigeria"
## [1205] "think" "u" "know" "response"
## [1209] "many" "young" "nigerians" "male"
## [1213] "female" "something" "along" "line"
## [1217] "ye" "rape" "wrong" "girl"
## [1221] "room" "four" "boy" "now"
## [1225] "can" "forget" "horrible" "humanity"
## [1229] "response" "nigerians" "raise" "think"
## [1233] "women" "inherent" "guilty" "raise"
## [1237] "expect" "little" "men" "idea"
## [1241] "men" "savage" "bee" "without"
## [1245] "control" "somehow" "accept" "teach"
## [1249] "girl" "shame" "close" "leg"
## [1253] "cover" "make" "feel" "though"
## [1257] "born" "female" "already" "guilty"
## [1261] "something" "girl" "grow" "women"
## [1265] "see" "sire" "grow" "women"
## [1269] "silence" "grow" "women" "say"
## [1273] "truly" "think" "grow" "worst"
## [1277] "the" "girl" "grow" "women"
## [1281] "turn" "pretense" "art" "form"
## [1285] "know" "woman" "hate" "domestic"
## [1289] "work" "just" "hate" "pretend"
## [1293] "like" "taught" "good" "wife"
## [1297] "material" "use" "nigerian" "word"
## [1301] "home" "got" "marry" "husband"
## [1305] "family" "began" "complain" "change"
## [1309] "actual" "change" "just" "got"
## [1313] "tire" "pretend" "problem" "gender"
## [1317] "prescribe" "rather" "recognize" "now"
## [1321] "imagine" "much" "happy" "much"
## [1325] "free" "true" "individual" "selves"
## [1329] "weight" "gender" "expectation" "boy"
## [1333] "girl" "undeniably" "different" "biological"
## [1337] "socialization" "exaggerate" "differences" "become"
## [1341] "self" "fulfill" "process" "now"
## [1345] "take" "cook" "example" "today"
## [1349] "women" "general" "likely" "housework"
## [1353] "men" "cook" "clean" "women"
## [1357] "born" "cook" "gene" "year"
## [1361] "socialize" "see" "cook" "role"
## [1365] "actual" "go" "say" "maybe"
## [1369] "women" "born" "cook" "gene"
## [1373] "member" "majority" "famous" "cook"
## [1377] "world" "g" "fancy" "title"
## [1381] "chef" "men" "use" "look"
## [1385] "grandmother" "brilliant" "brilliant" "woman"
## [1389] "wonder" "opportunity" "men" "grow"
## [1393] "now" "today" "many" "opportunity"
## [1397] "women" "grandmother" "time" "change"
## [1401] "policy" "change" "law" "important"
## [1405] "matte" "even" "attitude" "mindset"
## [1409] "believe" "value" "gender" "raise"
## [1413] "children" "focus" "ability" "instead"
## [1417] "gender" "raise" "children" "focus"
## [1421] "interest" "instead" "gender" "know"
## [1425] "family" "son" "daughter" "brilliant"
## [1429] "school" "wonderful" "love" "children"
## [1433] "boy" "hungry" "parent" "say"
## [1437] "girl" "go" "cook" "indomie"
## [1441] "noodle" "broth" "now" "daughter"
## [1445] "particular" "like" "cook" "indomie"
## [1449] "noodle" "girl" "now" "parent"
## [1453] "beginning" "taught" "boy" "girl"
## [1457] "cook" "indomie" "cook" "way"
## [1461] "useful" "skill" "boy" "never"
## [1465] "thought" "made" "sense" "leave"
## [1469] "crucial" "the" "ability" "nourish"
## [1473] "oneself" "hand" "other" "know"
## [1477] "woman" "degree" "job" "husband"
## [1481] "get" "back" "work" "housework"
## [1485] "think" "true" "many" "marriage"
## [1489] "struck" "whenever" "husband" "change"
## [1493] "baby" "diaper" "said" "thank"
## [1497] "now" "saw" "perfect" "normal"
## [1501] "natural" "fact" "care" "child"
## [1505] "try" "learn" "many" "lesson"
## [1509] "gender" "internalize" "grow" "sometime"
## [1513] "still" "feel" "vulnerable" "face"
## [1517] "gender" "expectation" "first" "time"
## [1521] "taught" "writ" "class" "graduate"
## [1525] "school" "worry" "worry" "material"
## [1529] "teach" "well" "prepare" "go"
## [1533] "teach" "enjoy" "teach" "instead"
## [1537] "worry" "wear" "want" "taken"
## [1541] "serious" "knew" "female" "will"
## [1545] "automatically" "prove" "worth" "worry"
## [1549] "look" "feminine" "taken" "serious"
## [1553] "real" "want" "wear" "shiny"
## [1557] "lip" "gloss" "girly" "skirt"
## [1561] "decide" "instead" "wore" "serious"
## [1565] "man" "ugly" "suit" "sad"
## [1569] "truth" "come" "appearance" "start"
## [1573] "men" "standard" "norm" "man"
## [1577] "getting" "ready" "busy" "meet"
## [1581] "worry" "look" "masculine" "therefore"
## [1585] "taken" "grant" "woman" "get"
## [1589] "ready" "busy" "meet" "worry"
## [1593] "look" "feminine" "say" "whether"
## [1597] "will" "taken" "serious" "wish"
## [1601] "worn" "ugly" "suit" "day"
## [1605] "actual" "banish" "closet" "way"
## [1609] "confidence" "now" "student" "benefit"
## [1613] "even" "teach" "comfortable" "fully"
## [1617] "truly" "chosen" "longer" "apologetic"
## [1621] "female" "femininity" "want" "respect"
## [1625] "female" "serve" "gender" "easy"
## [1629] "conversation" "men" "women" "bring"
## [1633] "gender" "sometime" "encounter" "almost"
## [1637] "immediate" "resistance" "can" "imagine"
## [1641] "people" "actual" "think" "women"
## [1645] "sef" "men" "might" "think"
## [1649] "ok" "interesting" "think" "like"
## [1653] "part" "problem" "many" "men"
## [1657] "active" "think" "gender" "notice"
## [1661] "gender" "part" "problem" "gender"
## [1665] "many" "men" "say" "like"
## [1669] "friend" "louis" "everything" "fine"
## [1673] "now" "many" "men" "nothing"
## [1677] "change" "man" "walk" "restaurant"
## [1681] "woman" "wait" "greet" "occur"
## [1685] "ask" "wait" "haven" "greet"
## [1689] "gender" "can" "actual" "may"
## [1693] "pose" "part" "longer" "verse"
## [1697] "talk" "gender" "can" "uncomfortable"
## [1701] "conversation" "easy" "way" "close"
## [1705] "close" "conversation" "people" "will"
## [1709] "bring" "evolutionary" "biology" "ape"
## [1713] "know" "female" "ape" "bow"
## [1717] "male" "ape" "sort" "the"
## [1721] "point" "ape" "ape" "also"
## [1725] "live" "tree" "earthworm" "breakfast"
## [1729] "people" "will" "say" "well"
## [1733] "poor" "men" "also" "hard"
## [1737] "time" "true" "conversation" "gender"
## [1741] "class" "different" "form" "oppression"
## [1745] "actual" "learn" "quite" "bit"
## [1749] "system" "oppression" "can" "blind"
## [1753] "one" "another" "talk" "black"
## [1757] "men" "talk" "black" "man"
## [1761] "gender" "said" "say" "experience"
## [1765] "woman" "can" "experience" "human"
## [1769] "now" "man" "often" "talk"
## [1773] "experience" "black" "man" "gender"
## [1777] "matte" "men" "women" "experience"
## [1781] "world" "different" "gender" "color"
## [1785] "way" "experience" "world" "can"
## [1789] "change" "people" "will" "say"
## [1793] "oh" "women" "real" "power"
## [1797] "bottom" "power" "non" "nigerians"
## [1801] "bottom" "power" "expression" "suppose"
## [1805] "mean" "something" "like" "woman"
## [1809] "use" "sexuality" "get" "favor"
## [1813] "men" "bottom" "power" "power"
## [1817] "bottom" "power" "mean" "woman"
## [1821] "simply" "good" "root" "tap"
## [1825] "time" "time" "somebody" "else"
## [1829] "power" "course" "wonder" "happen"
## [1833] "somebody" "else" "bad" "mood"
## [1837] "sick" "impotent" "people" "will"
## [1841] "say" "woman" "subordinate" "man"
## [1845] "culture" "culture" "constant" "change"
## [1849] "beautiful" "twin" "niece" "fifteen"
## [1853] "live" "lagos" "born" "hundred"
## [1857] "year" "ago" "taken" "away"
## [1861] "kill" "culture" "culture" "kill"
## [1865] "twin" "point" "culture" "mean"
## [1869] "decorate" "dance" "also" "culture"
## [1873] "real" "preservation" "continuity" "people"
## [1877] "family" "child" "interest" "story"
## [1881] "tradition" "knowledge" "ancestral" "land"
## [1885] "broth" "interest" "participate" "go"
## [1889] "umunna" "meet" "say" "female"
## [1893] "culture" "make" "people" "people"
## [1897] "make" "culture" "fact" "true"
## [1901] "fact" "true" "full" "humanity"
## [1905] "women" "culture" "must" "make"
## [1909] "culture" "think" "often" "dear"
## [1913] "friend" "okoloma" "maduewesi" "may"
## [1917] "other" "passe" "away" "sosoliso"
## [1921] "crash" "continue" "re" "peace"
## [1925] "will" "always" "remember" "u"
## [1929] "love" "right" "day" "many"
## [1933] "year" "ago" "call" "feminist"
## [1937] "feminist" "look" "word" "dictionary"
## [1941] "day" "said" "feminist" "person"
## [1945] "believe" "social" "political" "economic"
## [1949] "equality" "sex" "great" "grandmother"
## [1953] "story" "heard" "feminist" "ran"
## [1957] "away" "house" "man" "want"
## [1961] "marry" "end" "marry" "man"
## [1965] "choice" "fuse" "test" "spoke"
## [1969] "whenever" "felt" "deprive" "access"
## [1973] "land" "sort" "the" "great"
## [1977] "grandmother" "know" "word" "feminist"
## [1981] "mean" "one" "u" "claim"
## [1985] "word" "definition" "feminist" "feminist"
## [1989] "man" "woman" "say" "feminist"
## [1993] "man" "woman" "say" "ye"
## [1997] "problem" "gender" "today" "must"
## [2001] "fix" "must" "better" "b"
## [2005] "feminist" "know" "broth" "kene"
## [2009] "also" "kind" "good" "look"
## [2013] "love" "man" "masculine" "thank"Many of the lemmas returned are not a true “root form,” but rather simply have a suffix or two removed. Irregular plurals are kept.
Lemma Wordcloud
What looks different?
set.seed(123) #Seed prevents resampling so that we have an accurate frequency based word cloud
wordcloud(femlem, min.freq = 2, max.words = 300, random.order = FALSE, rot.per = 0.25,
colors = brewer.pal(8, "Dark2"))
Lemma Type Token Ratio
femlem1 <- as.data.frame(femlem) #transform to dataframe
nrow(unique(femlem1))/nrow(femlem1) #take total number of unique observations over total number of observations in dataframe## [1] 0.3730159It is a little lower than TTR calculated on non-lemmatized words. This is not unexpected, since some words that were counted as unique are now collapsed into a lemma form (e.g., boys –> boy), thus decreasing lexical diversity.
Lemma Frequency Sorting
femtx <- Corpus(VectorSource(femlem))
wtm <- TermDocumentMatrix(femtx)
m <- as.matrix(wtm) #to a regular matrix
v <- sort(rowSums(m), decreasing = TRUE)
d <- data.frame(word = names(v), freq = v)
barplot(d[1:25, ]$freq, las = 2, names.arg = d[1:25, ]$word, col = "maroon", main = "Lemma Frequency",
ylab = "Frequency Count") #most frequent
“Boy” moved from eleventh most frequent (boys) to fourth. “Teach” also moved up. “Louis” disappeared, “raise” appeared. “Culture” and “world” moved down. “Different” appeared. What else changed? Is this more informative?
Next Steps
- Find word-specific valence measures by matching to Warriner or Saif valence norms
- Context-specific word salience (e.g., sentimentr package)
- Sentiment over time/by topic
- Stay ***Flawless, y’all
praise()## [1] "You are unreal!"